Figure 2. This query identifies a unique string present in malicious PowerShell commands attributed to threat actors exploiting vulnerable Log4j applications. [12/22/2021] Added new protections across Microsoft 365 Defender, including Microsoft Defender for Office 365. Log4j - TryHackMe Full Walkthrough & More!! In order for vulnerabilities to be remediated in products and services that use affected versions of Log4j, the maintainers of those products and services must implement these security updates. Customers using WAF Managed Rules would have already received enhanced protection for Log4j 2 vulnerabilities (CVE-2021-44228 and CVE-2021-45046); no additional action is needed. It is also supported on Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows Server 2016 using the Microsoft Defender for Endpoint solution for earlier Windows server versions. Alerts with the following titles in the Security Center indicate threat activity related to exploitation of the Log4j vulnerability on your network and should be immediately investigated and remediated. [12/14/2021] New insights about multiple threat actors taking advantage of this vulnerability, including nation-state actors and access brokers linked to ransomware. The adversary can then steal information, launch ransomware, or conduct other malicious activity. Many of these campaigns are running concurrent scanning and exploitation activities for both Windows and Linux systems, using Base64 commands included in the JDNI:ldap:// request to launch bash commands on Linux and PowerShell on Windows. According to Section 3 of the Trusted Sec playbook, If it is not possible to upgrade, there are several mitigation tactics that can be performed.. Newly vulnerable 3rd party software. Apply the mitigation (that is, turn off JNDI lookup) on devices directly from the portal. These access brokers then sell access to these networks to ransomware-as-a-service affiliates. The vulnerability is found in log4j, an open-source logging library used by apps and services across the internet. This new vulnerability was found in Log4j - otherwise known as Log4Shell - a Java library used to log error messages in applications. The wide use of Log4j across many suppliers products challenge defender teams to mitigate and address the risks posed by the vulnerabilities (CVE-2021-44228 or CVE-2021-45046). Based on the nature of the vulnerabilities, once the attacker has full access and control of an application, they can perform a myriad of objectives. Figure 17. Log4j is a popular Java library developed and maintained by the Apache foundation. . It is for this reason that we recommend all Log4j users update to the latest 2.x version available immediately. Customers new to Azure Firewall premium can learn more about Firewall Premium. Information security risk assessment method, Develop & update secure configuration guides, Assess system conformance to CIS Benchmarks, Virtual images hardened to CIS Benchmarks on cloud service provider marketplaces, Start secure and stay secure with integrated cybersecurity tools and resources designed to help you implement CIS Benchmarks and CIS Controls, U.S. State, Local, Tribal & Territorial Governments, Cybersecurity resource for SLTT Governments, Sources to support the cybersecurity needs of the election community, Cost-effective Intrusion Detection System, Security monitoring of enterprises devices, Prevent connection to harmful web domains. Figure 19. The open-source software allows users to create a built-in "log" or record of activity to troubleshoot issues or even track data within their programs. 0-Day Remote Code Execution Vulnerability found in Java logging library log4j2 Background The Apache Software Foundation has released a security advisory with patch and mitigation details to address a remote code execution vulnerability (CVE-2021-44228) affecting Log4j versions 2.0-beta9 to 2.14.1. To simplify things, the current list of vulnerabilities and recommended fixes is listed here: We recommend following the advice of Apache, which recommends updating to the latest version of Log4j immediately. Finding images with the CVE-2021-45046 vulnerability, Find vulnerable running images on Azure portal [preview]. Microsoft 365 Defender alert Exploitation attempt against Log4j (CVE-2021-44228). This technique is often used by attackers and was recently used to exploit the vulnerability in Log4j component of Apache to evade detection and stay persistent or for more exploitation in the network. This query looks for exploitation of the vulnerability using known parameters in the malicious string. These alerts correlate several network and endpoint signals into high-confidence detection of successful exploitation, as well as providing detailed evidence artifacts valuable for triage and investigation of detected activities. Its possible that software with integrated Log4j libraries wont appear in this list, but this is helpful in the initial triage of investigations related to this incident. DEV-0401 has previously deployed multiple ransomware families including LockFile, AtomSilo, and Rook, and has similarly exploited Internet-facing systems running Confluence (CVE-2021-26084) and on-premises Exchange servers (CVE-2021-34473). This detection looks for exploitation attempts in email headers, such as the sender display name, sender, and recipient addresses. 157. Specifically, it: Figure 1. Additionally, any organization that relies on outside providers for services that may use Log4j should work with those providers to ensure these third-party relationships do not open them up to undue risk. Attackers often try to terminate such processes post-compromise as seen recently to exploit the CVE-2021-44228 vulnerability. If this alert is surfaced, customers are recommended to evaluate the source address, email subject, and file attachments to get more context regarding the authenticity of the email. A zero-day is defined as a vulnerability that's been disclosed but has no corresponding security fix or patch. For detection rules, see Florian Roth's GitHub page,log4j RCE Exploitation Detection. Additionally, we have the ability to scan your external facing infrastructure with up-to-date signatures from leading vulnerability vendors Tenable and Qualys. Threat and vulnerability management finds exposed paths, Figure 4. What is the Log4j vulnerability? Refer to the Microsoft Security Response Center blog for technical information about the vulnerabilities and mitigation recommendations. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This flaw in Log4j is estimated to be present in over 100 million instances globally. This hunting query looks for connection to LDAP port to find possible exploitation attempts for CVE-2021-44228. Microsoft Defender for IoT sensor threat intelligence update. Microsoft has observed activities including installing coin miners, using Cobalt Strike to enable credential theft and lateral movement, and exfiltrating data from compromised systems. Digital Footprint customers can immediately understand what may be vulnerable and act swiftly and resolutely using the Attack Surface Intelligence Dashboard Log4J Insights tab. The steps for users to update to the latest version(s) are being tracked and updated in near real-time. It returns a table of suspicious command lines. Recommendation: Customers are recommended to configure Azure Firewall Premium with both IDPSAlert & Deny modeand TLS inspection enabled for proactive protection against CVE-2021-44228 exploit. Following the discovery of a zero-day vulnerability within the MOVEit cloud platform (and on-premise versions), we shut down portions of the cloud service out of an abundance of caution while we worked to develop and deploy a patch. For Log4j versions from 2.0-beta9 through 2.10.0, remove the JndiLookup class from the classpath. For more information about how Microsoft Defender for Cloud finds machines affected by CVE-2021-44228, read this tech community post. An exploit for a critical zero-day vulnerability affecting Apache Log4j2 known as Log4Shell was disclosed on December 9, 2021. First reported on December 9, 2021, the Apache Log4j vulnerability is one of the most serious vulnerabilities on the internet in recent years . The Log4j flaw (also now known as "Log4Shell") is a zero-day vulnerability ( CVE-2021-44228) that first came to light on December 9, with warnings that it can allow unauthenticated remote. This activity ranges from experimentation during development, integration of the vulnerabilities to in-the-wild payload deployment, and exploitation against targets to achieve the actors objectives. From version 2.16.0 (along with 2.12.2, 2.12.3, and 2.3.1), this functionality has been completely removed. determines if a JAR file contains a vulnerable Log4j file by examining JAR files and searching for the following file: searches for any vulnerable Log4j-core JAR files embedded within nested-JAR by searching for paths that contain any of these strings: View the mitigation status for each affected device. A newly discovered zero-day vulnerability in the widely used Java logging library Apache Log4j is easy to exploit and enables attackers to gain full control of affected servers. They may have released updates without notification. [12/16/2021] New Microsoft Sentinel solution and additional Microsoft Defender for Endpoint detections. NOTE: There is strong evidence that the workarounds are not effective. National Internet Safety Month: Together, we can make our K-12 schools cybersecure. In addition, this email event as can be surfaced via advanced hunting: Figure 18. Microsoft Sentinel Analytics showing detected Log4j vulnerability. These include service[.]trendmrcio[. Finding running images with the CVE-2021-45046 vulnerability. Microsoft Defender for IoT now pushes new threat intelligence packages to cloud-connected sensors upon release,click herefor more information. Due to the shifts in the threat landscape, Microsoft reiterates the guidance for Minecraft customers running their own servers to deploy the latest Minecraft server update and for players to exercise caution by only connecting to trusted Minecraft servers. It also provides our recommendations for using Microsoft security solutions to (1) find and remediate vulnerable services and systems and (2) detect, investigate, and respond to attacks. Following this, the protocol, such as ldap, ldaps, rmi, dns, iiop, or http, precedes the attacker domain. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS In other words, updating to the newest version of any software will not remove accesses gained by adversaries or additional malicious capabilities dropped in victim environments. For example, its possible to surface all observed instances of Apache or Java, including specific versions. With nation-state actors testing and implementing the exploit and known ransomware-associated access brokers using it, we highly recommend applying security patches and updating affected products and services as soon as possible. This query uses various log sources having user agent data to look for CVE-2021-44228 exploitation attempt based on user agent pattern. Log4j zero-day vulnerability has the Internet in a race against the clock Sponsorships Available The Internet is in a frenzy racing against the clock with patches to protect against the latest zero-day Internet vulnerability. An official website of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency, Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience, Information and Communications Technology Supply Chain Security, HireVue Applicant Reasonable Accommodations Process, Reporting Employee and Contractor Misconduct. Inform your end users of products that contain these vulnerabilities and strongly urge them to prioritize software updates. Vulnerability assessment findings Organizations who have enabledanyof the vulnerability assessment tools (whether itsMicrosoft Defender for Endpoints, Block executable files from running unless they meet a prevalence, age, or trusted list criterion, Download of file associated with digital currency mining, Process associated with digital currency mining, Cobalt Strike command and control detected, Suspicious network traffic connection to C2 Server, Ongoing hands-on-keyboard attacker activity detected (Cobalt Strike), Log4j exploitation attempt via cloud application (previously titled Exploitation attempt against Log4j (CVE-2021-44228)), Log4j exploitation attempt via email (previously titled Log4j Exploitation Attempt Email Headers (CVE-2021-44228)), Possible Cryptocoinminer download detected, Process associated with digital currency mining detected, Digital currency mining related behavior detected, Behavior similar to common Linux bots detected, For Azure Front Door deployments, we have updated the rule, For Azure Application Gateway V2 regional deployments, we have introduced a new rule. Due to the many software and services that are impacted and given the pace of updates, this is expected to have a long tail for remediation, requiring ongoing, sustainable vigilance. Customers using Azure CDN Standard from Microsoft can also turn on the above protection by enabling DRS 1.0. Everyone's heard of the critical log4j zero-day by now. While services such as interact.sh, canarytokens.org, burpsuite, and dnslog.cn may be used by IT organizations to profile their own threat footprints, Microsoft encourages including these services in your hunting queries and validating observations of these in environments to ensure they are intentional and legitimate activity. CISA Launches the SAFECOM Nationwide Survey, CISA Releases the FY 2023 Rural Emergency Medical Communications Demonstration Project (REMCDP) Notice of Funding Opportunity, SAFECOM Nationwide Survey Data Provides Real-World Insights to Improve Emergency Communications Preparedness, Mitigating Log4Shell and Other Log4j-Related Vulnerabilities, Apache Log4j Security Vulnerabilities webpage, CISA's joint Alert AA21-356A:Mitigating Log4Shell and Other Log4j-Related Vulnerabilities, Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 22-01: Reducing the Significant Risk of Known Exploited Vulnerabilities, Emergency Directive (ED) 22-02: Mitigate Apache Log4j Vulnerability, Broadcom's Symantec Enterprise blog: Apache Log4j Zero-Day Being Exploited in the Wild content, Cisco Talos Intelligence Group - Comprehensive Threat Intelligence: Threat Advisory: Critical Apache Log4j vulnerability being exploited in the wild, CISA's Alert AA21-356A:Mitigating Log4Shell and Other Log4j-Related Vulnerabilities, Cloudflare Blog:CVE-2021-44228 - Log4j RCE 0-day mitigation, Cloudflare Blog: Protection against CVE-2021-45046, the additional Log4j RCE vulnerability, Cloudfare Blog:Actual CVE-2021-44228 payloads captured in the wild, CrowdStrike blog: Log4j2 Vulnerability Analysis and Mitigation Recommendations, Google Cloud blog:Google Cloud recommendations for investigating and responding to the Apache Log4j 2 vulnerability, IBM Security Intelligence blog: How Log4j Vulnerability Could Impact You, Investigating CVE-2021-44228 Log4Shell Vulnerability: VMWare Threat Research, Mandiant blog:Log4Shell Initial Exploitation and Mitigation Recommendations, Microsoft blog: Guidance for Preventing, Detecting, and Hunting for CVE-2021-44228 Log4j 2 Exploitation, Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center: Log4j IOC List, Palo Alto Networks blog: Apache log4j Threat Update, Splunk blog: Log4Shell - Detecting Log4j Vulnerability (CVE-2021-44228) Continued, Splunk blog:Log4Shell - Detecting Log4j 2 RCE Using Splunk, Tenable blog: CVE-2021-44228: Proof-of-Concept for Critical Apache Log4j Remote Code Execution Vulnerability Available (Log4Shell), Tenable blog: CVE-2021-44228, CVE-2021-45046, CVE-2021-4104: Frequently Asked Questions About Log4Shell and Associated Vulnerabilities, VMware Blog: Log4j Vulnerability Security Advisory: What You Need to Know, Joint Cybersecurity Advisory Technical Approaches to Uncovering and Remediating Malicious Activity, NIST Special Publication 800-40 Revision 3, Guide to Enterprise Patch Management Technologies, Apache Log4j allows insecure JNDI lookups, Active Exploitation of Apache Log4j Vulnerability, Apache Log4j vulnerability (CVE-2021-44228), Critical remote code execution vulnerability found in Apache Log4j2 library, 2021-007: Apache Log4j2 vulnerability advice and mitigations, Apache Log4j2 Remote Code Execution vulnerability CVE-2021-44228, CVE-2021-44228: Apache Log4j2 Zero-Day Exploited in the Wild (Log4Shell), Log4Shell log4j vulnerability (CVE-2021-44228 / CVE-2021-45046) - cheat-sheet reference guide, Log4Shell (Log4j RCE): Detecting Post-Exploitation Evidence is Best Chance for Mitigation, APT35 exploits Log4j vulnerability to distribute new modular PowerShell toolkit. This query identifies unique, uncommon PowerShell flags used by curl to post the results of an attacker-executed command back to the command-and-control infrastructure. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. The majority of attacks we have observed so far have been mainly mass-scanning, coin mining, establishing remote shells, and red-team activity, but its highly likely that attackers will continue adding exploits for these vulnerabilities to their toolkits. A Java API for logging and tracking activities within software, log4j is estimated to have experienced 100 million compromises globally. Log4j is used in web apps, cloud services, and email platforms. Devices with Log4j vulnerability alerts and additional other alert-related context. The string contains jndi, which refers to the Java Naming and Directory Interface. Suspected exploitation of Log4j vulnerability. These products do not require any action. Log4Shell ( CVE-2021-44228) was a zero-day vulnerability in Log4j, a popular Java logging framework, involving arbitrary code execution. As of Dec. 14, researchers discovered that the fix developed for CVE-2021-44228 was incomplete and the vendor, Apache, released a new fix. To view only vulnerable images that are currently running on a Kubernetes cluster using the Azure portal, navigate to the Microsoft Defender for Cloud service under Azure Portal. Thursday, December 9: Apache Log4j zero-day exploit discovered Apache released details on a critical vulnerability in Log4j, a logging library used in millions of Java-based applications.. All versions of Log4j2 versions >= 2.0-beta9 and <= 2.15.0 are affected by this vulnerability. The package is available for download from theMicrosoft Defender for IoT portal(ClickUpdates, thenDownload file (MD5: 4fbc673742b9ca51a9721c682f404c41). Join us on our mission to secure online experiences for all. We have released two new threat and vulnerability management capabilities that can significantly simplify the process of turning off JNDI lookup, a workaround that can prevent the exploitation of the Log4j vulnerabilities on most devices, using an environment variable called LOG4J_FORMAT_MSG_NO_LOOKUPS. The CIRT will reach out and will require information from your organization. Customers can key in Log4j to search for in-portal resource, check if their network is affected, and work on corresponding actionable items to mitigate them. While the vulnerabilities (CVEs) listed above are all associated directly with Log4Shell, there are several other known vulnerabilities in 1.x versions of Log4j that can leave users open to a wide range of attacks. Seagate. This section will be updated as those new features become available for customers. They exploit software weaknesses that vendors are unaware of. Tanium Blog: How Tanium Can Help with CVE-2021-44228: Log4Shell, National Vulnerability Database: CVE-2021-44228, Microsoft Blog: Guidance for Preventing, Detecting, and Hunting for CVE-2021-44228 Log4j 2 Exploitation, Cisco Talos Intelligence Group - Threat Advisory: Critical Apache Log4j vulnerability being exploited in the wild, Palo Alto Networks blog: Apache log4j Vulnerability CVE-2021-4428: Analysis and Mitigations, Dutch National Cyber Security Center Github Repository, CrowdStrike blog: Log4j2 Vulnerability Analysis and Mitigation Recommendations, TrustedSec: Log4j Detection and Response Playbook, F5 Labs: Explaining the Widespread Log4j Vulnerability, Tenable blog: CVE-2021-44228: Proof-of-Concept for Critical Apache Log4j Remote Code Execution Vulnerability Available (Log4Shell), Curated Intelligence Trust Group Github Repository, Symantec Enterprise blog: Apache Log4j Zero-Day Being Exploited in the Wild content, Picus Security: Simulating and Preventing CVE-2021-44228 Apache Log4j RCE Exploits, National Vulnerability Database: CVE-2021-45046, Carnegie Mellon University CERT Coordination Center, RecordedFuture: Log4Shell Attacks Expand to State Actors, Log4Shell Vulnerabilities in VMware Horizon Targeted to Install Web Shells, 2023-055: A Vulnerability in MOVEit Transfer that Could Allow for Remote Code Execution, 2023-054: A Vulnerability in Barracuda Email Security Gateway Could Allow for Remote Command Injection, 10 Winners Selected in National Cybersecurity Poster Contest, Added CIS and MS/EI-ISAC Products and Log4j and indexed table of contents, Added Change Log and updated Playbook graphic based on member feedback, Added CIS Products and Log4j Vulnerability link, Rewrote Executive Overview to include new CVEs and updates related to version 2.17.0, Minor updates to Executive Overview and Recommendations; added Yahoo tool, Added tools to Appendix A and added new sources, Updated content and sources; included note that initial patch for CVE-2021-44228 was incomplete and workarounds are ineffective; included CVE-2021-45056, Page created with Exec Summary, Recommendations, Playbook, and sources, CIS Endpoint Security Services (ESS) and Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR), Malicious Domain Blocking and Reporting (MDBR), org/apache/logging/log4j/core/lookup/JndiLookup.class, Isolate systems into their own restricted DMZs or VLANs, Block all outbound network connections from servers or limit outbound network connections to trusted hosts and network ports, Turn on any endpoint or network security signatures for Log4j exploitation, Monitor networks and servers closely for suspicious or unexpected behavior, A Kape capture of the known affected system or systems (pre-patched state if possible), Download the contents of the Kape tool file from, Place folder contents into a folder on the affected machine(s), Output will be found in same folder where Kape tool was placed, Provide output to CIRT analysts via Sharefile folder which will be provided by CIRT once case is acknowledged and a specific Sharefile folder for your incident has been created. This query uses syslog data to alert on any suspicious manipulation of firewall to evade defenses. To add a layer of protection against exploits that may be delivered via email, Microsoft Defender for Office 365 flags suspicious emails (e.g., emails with the jndi string in email headers or the sender email address field), which are moved to the Junk folder. Coded in Java, Log4j is open-source software created by Apache Software Foundation's developers to run across three platforms, macOS, Windows, and Linux. [01/21/2022] Threat and vulnerability management can now discover vulnerable Log4j libraries, including Log4j files and other files containing Log4j, packaged into Uber-JAR files. [12/21/2021] Added a note on testing services and assumed benign activity and additional guidance to use the Need help? Note: This recommendation requires clusters to run Microsoft Defender security profile to provide visibility on running images. Configuration changes required. As of December 27, 2021, discovery is based on installed application CPEs that are known to be vulnerable to Log4j RCE, as well as the presence of vulnerable Log4j Java Archive (JAR) files. They are also supported on Linux, but they require updating the Microsoft Defender for Endpoint Linux client to version 101.52.57 (30.121092.15257.0) or later. MS-ISAC and EI-ISAC members are encouraged to reach out to the Security Operations Center (SOC) as soon as possible if you suspect you have been impacted by an attack against this vulnerability. Threat-focused security organizations have observed state actors begin to leverage the vulnerability in new attacks. Given the severity of the vulnerabilities and the likelihood of an increase in exploitation by sophisticated cyber threat actors, CISA urges vendors and users to take the following actions. If you or any third-party providers are unable to update software in a timely fashion, CIS recommends uninstalling or disabling Log4j until updates can be applied. In Microsoft Defender Antivirus data we have observed a small number of cases of thisbeing launched from compromised Minecraft clients connected to modified Minecraft servers running a vulnerable version of Log4j 2 via the use of a third-party Minecraft mods loader. We strongly recommend affected customers to apply security updates released by referring to the SolarWinds advisory here: https://www.solarwinds.com/trust-center/security-advisories/cve-2021-35247. For example, MSTIC has observed PHOSPHORUS, an Iranian actor known to deploy ransomware, acquiring and making modifications of the Log4j exploit. Sophisticated adversaries (like nation-state actors) and commodity attackers alike have been observed taking advantage of these vulnerabilities. All the library's versions between 2.0 and 2.14.1 included . We discovered that the vulnerability, now tracked as CVE-2021-35247, is an input validation vulnerability that could allow attackers to build a query given some input and send that query over the network without sanitation. Microsoft customers can use threat and vulnerability management in Microsoft Defender for Endpoint to identify and remediate devices that have this vulnerability. January 19, 2022 update We added new information about an unrelated vulnerability we discovered while investigating Log4j attacks. Become a CIS member, partner, or volunteerand explore our career opportunities. During our sustained monitoring of threats taking advantage of the Log4j 2 vulnerabilities, we observed activity related to attacks being propagated via a previously undisclosed vulnerability in the SolarWinds Serv-U software. Microsoft has not observed any follow-on activity from this campaign at this time, indicating that the attacker may be gathering access for later use. Details of the vulnerability can be found in the National Vulnerability Database (NVD) under the heading CVE-2021-44228. The alert covers known obfuscation attempts that have been observed in the wild. Working with automatic updates reduces operational effort and ensures greater security. To help detect and mitigate the Log2Shell vulnerability by inspecting requests headers, URI, and body, we have released the following: These rules are already enabled by default in block mode for all existing WAF Default Rule Set (DRS) 1.0/1.1 and OWASP ModSecurity Core Rule Set (CRS) 3.0/3.1 configurations. Finding vulnerable applications and devices via software inventory. Based on our analysis, the attackers are using command and control (CnC) servers that spoof legitimate domains. At the time of receiving these reports, the vulnerability apparently has been exploited by threat actors "in the wild" and no patch was available to fix the vulnerability (0-day exploit). Sample alert on malicious sender display name found in email correspondence. RiskIQ has published a few threat intelligence articles on this CVE, with mitigation guidance and IOCs. Follow-on activities from these shells have not been observed at this time, but these tools have the ability to steal passwords and move laterally. We are listing them here, as it is highly recommended that they are triaged and remediated immediately given their severity and the potential that they could be related to Log4j exploitation: Some of the alerts mentioned above utilize the enhanced network inspection capabilities in Microsoft Defender for Endpoint. A zero-day vulnerability is a security flaw in a software product or system for which no patch or update is available. On December 9, 2021, security researchers discovered a flaw in the code of a software library used for logging. This hunting query identifies a match across various data feeds for IP IOCs related to the Log4j exploit described in CVE-2021-44228. Finding vulnerable software via advanced hunting. These new capabilities provide security teams with the following: To use this feature, open the Exposed devices tab in the dedicated CVE-2021-44228 dashboard and review the Mitigation status column. Security patches are available and CIS encourages all organizations to implement these updates as quickly as possible. Creating mitigation actions for exposed devices. In addition to the immediate actions detailed in the box above, review. Apache continues to post new versions on their security update page. The flaw, also known as a vulnerability by the security community, was rated a 10 out of 10 on the Common Vulnerability Scoring System, or CVSS, due to the potential impact that it can have if leveraged by attackers. Therefore, CIS recommends vigilance in investigating activity in your environment, looking for evidence of unauthorized access, and acting in accordance with incident response best practices to reduce exposure. However, these alerts can also indicate activity that is not related to the vulnerability.
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