The first part sought to determine whether exposure of cards to high humidity post inoculation affected their ability to stabilize YF RNA. Diagnosing YF can be difficult as patients present with non-specific, flu-like symptoms that can be confused with leptospirosis, malaria, and other viral hemorrhagic fevers during differential diagnosis. Whatman FTA cards have been shown to be effective in the molecular diagnosis of multiple viral and bacterial diseases [1124]. RNA was also extracted directly from the Asibi and 17D-204 isolates using 140 L of sample directly into lysis buffer. 0000009134 00000 n Among them, twelve reports isolated RNA from viruses that can cause disease in poultry or wild birds, like Newcastle virus disease, avian influenza, or infectious bursal disease (Table 1). 7. cDNA synthesis conditions: enough information about reagents and conditions to ensure the reproducibility of the methods for cDNA synthesis, including primers and cycling conditions. YFV inoculated at 10 pfu/punch could be detected for 6.2 days (R2 = 0.88) and 1 pfu/punch for 3.5 days (R2 = 0.74) (Fig 3A). Significant differences in LOD and time to negative result were determined by calculating the likelihood that the 95% confidence intervals of Ct value 37 for two experiments (95% CI) would overlap as described previously [27]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010487.s006, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010487.s007. RussellBJ, 0000042975 00000 n The experiment was repeated with a different brand of desiccation packet (Whatman FTA, 1-gram packets) to compare the efficacy of 1-gram desiccation packets. Two brands of desiccant packets were tested and after two days of desiccation, there was no significant difference in the length of detection for either titer of YFV tested (S4 Table). Three different protocols have been used for RNA detection from this matrix. Contrived specimens were spotted onto FTA micro cards (WHAWB120205, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA), allowed to dry and RNA extracted from discs punched from the card according to the manufacturers protocol (i.e., 140 L of sample distributed evenly over the sample area). GE Healthcare . Navaneeth Krishnan A., Bhuvaneswari T., Ezhil Praveena P., Jithendran K.P. FTA cards facilitate storage, shipment, and detection of arboviruses in infected Aedes aegypti collected in adult mosquito traps. While using high input elute may result in inclusion of more inhibitors in the reaction, inhibition was not observed in our limited analysis using normal human serum. (2022) Correction: Evaluation of Whatman FTA cards for the preservation of yellow fever virus To test if these humidity conditions positively influenced RNA stability on the FTA cards, cards were inoculated with 10 pfu/punch and 1 pfu/punch of YFV and placed into a humidity chamber (8085%) for one week. FTA punches were inoculated with 10 l of 17D-204 virus (5 log10 pfu/ml), allowed to dry, and were rehydrated in 100 L sterile water. WebData file 28-9843-54 AA FTA* cards FTA technology Whether youre in a lab or deep in a rain forest, Whatman* FTA provides a remarkably easy way to collect and isolate nucleic acid Conceptualization, et al. 0000011077 00000 n A total of 47 articles were included. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. As such, laboratory diagnosis is required to confirm YF. aGrupo de Investigacin Infeccin e Inmunidad, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnolgica de Pereira, Building 14, Carrera 27 #10-02, Barrio lamos, Pereira, Risaralda, 660003, Colombia, bPublic Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnolgica de Pereira, Building 14, Carrera 27 #10-02, Barrio lamos, Pereira, Risaralda, 660003, Colombia, cGrupo de Investigacin Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacin Universitaria Autnoma de las Amricas, Av. First, we optimized a near-to-patient RPA protocol for the detection of Leishmania species using 18S rRNA gene analysis. WT YFV strain Asibi and YFV vaccine strain 17D-204 were spotted onto FTA cards and allowed to dry for one hour. Yes The reduction in sensitivity when using FTA cards compared to direct RNA extraction may be overcome by the use of multiple punches to allow detection of less than 1 pfu/mL. 3. Direct viral RNA purification, and 3. Nevertheless, the search identified more than forty reports evaluating FTA cards as RNA immobilization matrix with sufficient information to summarize their protocols for potential replication. Abdelwhab E.M., Luschow D., Harder T.C., Hafez H.M. The chemical mixture lyses cells and organelles, prevents overgrowth of bacteria, and denatures proteins. Other factors that vary across reports include the size of RNA amplicon, storage temperature, and duration of storage. xref Whatman FTA filter matrices are fibrous cards impregnated with chelators and denaturants that lyse and inactivate most microorganisms. WebHome Whatman Nucleic Acid and Sample Prep FTA Cards FTA Cards We offer FTA cards and FTA Elute cards for convenient sample collection and purification. 0000004678 00000 n 0000048931 00000 n 0000030918 00000 n Then, rinse the discs with 200L of TE Buffer and, finally, add the disc to the proper PCR reaction mix. Methodology, The resulting articles were initially selected by title and abstract to identify possibly eligible studies according to the selected criteria. In this case, additional chemical fixation was used to render the sample completely noninfectious (Maw et al., 2006). WebFTA Mini Card: Two sample areas for application of up to 250 l whole blood or 50 l plant homogenate per card. Maw M.T., Yamaguchi T., Kasanga C.J., Terasaki K., Fukushi H. A practical tissue sampling method using ordinary paper for molecular detection of infectious bursal disease virus RNA by RT-PCR. human, poultry, plants), method of extraction of RNA from the FTA card, time and temperature of storage of FTA card, method of assessment of RNA integrity and purity, and amplification method of the viral genome fragment. Avian influenza surveillance with FTA cards: field methods, biosafety, and transportation issues solved. Karavina C., Gubba A. To reduce RNA degradation, clinical samples are transported to diagnostic laboratories via cold chain. Additionally, IgM generated in response to a wild-type (WT) YFV infection is indistinguishable from IgM generated after vaccination, including in rare cases of vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease, making serological diagnosis during mass vaccination campaigns difficult [6]. Cards incubated at high humidity showed no difference in the time limit for detection of positive Ct values when compared to dry cards incubated at low humidity (S2 Table). FTA Cards contain chemicals that lyse cells, denature proteins, and protect nucleic acids from nucleases, oxidation, and UV damage. Viral specimens were derived from cell culture or from a commercial inactivated vaccine in 10.6% of the reports (Muthukrishnan et al., 2008; Li et al., 2012; Bankamp et al., 2013; Sakai et al., 2015; Montmayeur et al., 2017). 103 0 obj <>stream Only one study used random primers for RT and then specific primers for PCR (Yang et al., 2015). The third strategy was to perform one or two-step RT-PCR after RNA isolation or preparation from the FTA cards. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. For instance, the use of FTA cards have been proved effective as a means of sample storage and transport for genotyping isolates of Campylobacter jejuni obtained from poultry and stored for three months at room temperature (Sierra-Arguello et al., 2016). RNA from the vaccine strain of YFV, 17D-204, was extracted using the manufacturers protocol from 140 L of YFV diluted in PBS, from a single FTA punch, from 10 L of YFV diluted in PBS, and from two FTA punches. Investigation, Yellow fever virus (YFV) is the etiological agent of yellow fever (YF), a hemorrhagic disease endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and tropical regions of South America. Is the Subject Area "RNA extraction" applicable to this article? For punches inoculated with 1 pfu/punch, there was not a significant change in the length of detection between cards pre-incubated for one or two days with one or two desiccant packets. In this study, ADVANTEC chromatography paper No. Three different methods for RNA extraction were reported. 0000009686 00000 n Keeler S.P., Ferro P.J., Brown J.D., Fang X., El-Attrache J., Poulson R., Jackwood M.W., Stallknecht D.E. As was observed in the experiment utilizing PBS as the diluent, the LOD of 140 L of virus diluted in human serum (0.5 pfu, R2 = 0.96) was significantly lower (140 L vs FTA punch 95% CI: 0.8, 1.5) than the LOD of an FTA punch inoculated with 10 L virus diluted in human serum (2.7 pfu, R2 = 0.95), but the LOD of an FTA punch inoculated with 10 L virus diluted in serum was not significantly different (10 L serum vs 10 L PBS 95% CI: -0.3, 0.4) than a FTA punch inoculated with 10 L virus diluted in PBS (Fig 2). 0000008508 00000 n The molecular diagnosis of YFV can be limited by the rate at which viral RNA degrades, which is accelerated by the hot and humid conditions present in many endemic regions [29]. Thus, the WHO classifies a single confirmed case of YF as an outbreak, requiring immediate ring vaccination with the live-attenuated vaccine strain, 17D [3]. A new purification buffer reagent and a new protocol were designed to purify FTA punches rapidly. As the molecular diagnosis of YFV becomes more routine in YF-endemic regions, RNA stabilization provided by FTA cards may become integral to ensuring accurate diagnosis. Madhanmohan M., Yuvaraj S., Manikumar K., Kumar R., Nagendrakumar S.B., Rana S.K., Srinivasan V.A. In this study, the YFall qRT-PCR assay [9] was used to show that WT and vaccine strains of YFV were equally detectable after inoculation onto FTA cards (S1 Fig). The RNA can be isolated from a large number of sources and samples, and stored over a wide range of periods of time and temperatures. This method was effective for amplification of fragments up to 1700bp. Elution of RNA from the FTA card, 2. startxref Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Points and error bars represent the average of two experiments and data was fit using a linear regression. Resources, ResultsA total of 175 records were retrieved, and 11 additional documents were found by checking references of the eligible articles. At room temperature, 100,000 pfu/punch (R2 = 0.68), 10,000 pfu/punch (R2 = 0.80), 1,000 pfu/punch (R2 = 0.64) and 100 pfu/punch (R2 = 0.82) could be detected for over two weeks (Fig 3A). Most of the studies used methods for total RNA extraction and only one study used a commercial kit for viral RNA isolation (Montmayeur et al., 2017). However, field trials will be done in different countries to analyze their impact on the YF RNA stabilization on FTA cards. Use of FTA cards to work with biospecimens appears to be relatively safe since isolation of infectious virus was rarely reported. No, Is the Subject Area "Serodiagnosis" applicable to this article? official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Two different authors conducted the review independently, and it was completed on July 1st, 2018. Individual punches were then placed into 1.5 mL tubes and stored as described until RNA extraction was performed using the QIAmp viral RNA extraction kit (Qiagen, California, USA). FTA cards have also been used for storing samples and molecular detection of both DNA and RNA viruses. 0000091559 00000 n 526, (Toyo Roshi, Tokyo, Japan), ADVANTEC filter paper No. This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. ConclusionFTA cards could be a suitable option for RNA virus storage and transport for fieldwork in areas where proper conditions for RNA preservation are difficult to achieve. This highlights the fact that FTA cards could be used as means for transport and storage of RNA pathogens. This suggests that low titer samples would be detected after transport in normal conditions; however, during outbreak settings transport can exceed two days. 1 Samples were testing in triplicate and experiments were conducted in duplicate, leading to n = 6 for all groups. To determine if vaccine and WT strains of YFV could be detected after inoculation onto FTA cards, the vaccine substrain 17D-204, WT strain Asibi, and PBS as a negative control were inoculated onto FTA cards and assayed for YFV RNA. Flies E.J., Toi C., Weinstein P., Doggett S.L., Williams C.R. The high humidity of transmission season is also proposed to limit RNA stabilization by FTA cards [28]. 2 (Toyo Roshi), and stationery copy paper were compared with FTA cards for the isolation and inactivation of the dsRNA from the infectious bursal disease virus, a virus member of the Birnaviridae family, genus Avibirnavirus, with a segmented genome. https://www.gelifesciences.co.jp/catalog/1454.html, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Tobacco etch virus, Soybean mosaic virus, Turnip mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, and Peanut stunt virus, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Larval homogenate, cell culture extract, milt extract, seawater spiked with larval homogenate, United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Sweet potato feathery mottle virus and Sweet potato virus C, Arbovirus (Ross River virus, Barmah Forest virus, and Stratford virus), Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus, Mycovirus China 9, Tomato spotted wilt virus, Tobacco mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, Little cherry virus 1, Little cherry virus 2, Potato spindle tuber viroid, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, ICAR- Directorate on Foot-and-mouth Disease, Clinical samples (cell culture isolates, tongue epithelial suspension, and impression smears), Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, Pepino mosaic virus and Rupestris stem pitting associated virus, International Laboratory of Tropical Agriculture Biotechnology, Arbovirus (Zika virus, Chikungunya virus, Dengue virus, and Barmah Forest virus), Arbovirus (West Nile river, Ross River virus, and chikungunya virus), EZ1 Virus Mini 109 Kit v2.0 (Qiagen, Victoria, AU), Sodium acetate and isopropanol precipitation, Deionized sterile water+TE-1+TrisHCl+Buffer EB (TrisCl, elution buffer from the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit), Vortex at 100x during 30min, 10min vortex at 200xg in intervals of 1 min, RNA processing buffer (10mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.1mM EDTA, 800U/mL RNase Out 200250g/mL glycogen and 2mM DTT). 0000009039 00000 n Although the LOD of YFV 17D RNA on FTA punches was shown to be less than 10 pfu/mL in both PBS and flavivirus-negative human sera, the LOD of FTA cards was significantly different than the gold standard of direct RNA extraction. Paper-based archiving of biological samples from fish for detecting betanodavirus. %%EOF 10. Points represent the average of two experiments and were fit using a linear regression. Serial dilution of virus was performed in PBS (Gibco, Massachusetts, USA) or flavivirus-negative human serum (EMD Millipore, Massachusetts, USA). GE Healthcare; Japan: 2019. Accessibility WebFTA disc processing - the protocol we recommend you use for processing your discs. In fact, the WHO and CDC approved the use of FTA cards for measles and poliovirus diagnostic protocols, indicating that the cards are effective in a clinical setting [23]. Improving vector-borne pathogen surveillance: a laboratory-based study exploring the potential to detect dengue virus and malaria parasites in mosquito saliva. 0000051594 00000 n To determine if extracting RNA from multiple punches increased sensitivity, RNA was pooled from two punches inoculated with virus diluted in PBS (Fig 1). Furthermore, viremia during YFV infection is transient and highly dependent on when the sample is collected, resulting in some YF clinical samples having very low levels of viral RNA. In this study, every paper-based matrix allowed the isolation of viral RNA and infectious virus. This process was repeated for three weeks. Validation, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010487, Editor: Pedro F. C. Vasconcelos, Universidade do Estado do Para: Universidade do Estado do Para, BRAZIL, Received: January 15, 2022; Accepted: May 10, 2022; Published: June 15, 2022. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Six reports isolated RNA of viruses that can cause disease in suids or bovids, like respiratory syndrome virus, and foot-and-mouth disease virus (Table 1). For data visualization a heatmap was generated using the scores. Maina S., Edwards O.R., de Almeida L., Ximenes A., Jones R.A.C. These results support that FTA cards could be cost effective and easy to use in molecular diagnosis of YF, preserving viral RNA to allow for positive diagnoses in situations where maintaining cold-chain is not feasible. N/A=Not Apply, ()=Information not provided. LAMP=Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification. FTA (Flinders Technology Associates) card (GE Whatman, Maidstone, Kent, United Kingdom) is a specialized filter paper which is impregnated with reagents promoting ObjectiveThis systematic review aims to summarize the reported effectiveness of FTA cards for storage and transport of viral RNA, as well as the conditions for their handling and use in downstream processes. Methodology, FTA card, RNA, Virus, Isolation, Detection, Transport, RT-PCR. For disc cleaning protocols it is advisable to add 200L of FTA purification reagent in a tube containing the discs, mix thoroughly for 3min at room temperature, and repeat this step twice. The punches were returned immediately to the bag containing the specified number of desiccant packets and placed into the incubator. identification of animals, insects, and transgenics. Development and evaluation of a real-time reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid serotyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus. RNA was extracted from one punch daily for seven days. Extraction method: specification with precise detail to guarantee the reproducibility of the methods used for RNA extraction from the FTA card. There was a significant difference in time of detection at 1 pfu/punch between both one and two (one day vs. two days 95% CI: 0.2, 3.0) and two and three days (two days vs. three days 95% CI: 2.8, 5.1) of preincubation in high humidity. FTA cards were incubated at 37C and high humidity (8085%) for one, two, and three days prior to inoculation cards were removed from the incubator, immediately punched, and inoculated with 10 pfu/mL or 1 pfu/mL of 17204 virus. An optimized method for elution of enteroviral RNA from a cellulose-based substrate. Evaluation of the flinders technology associates cards for storage and temperature challenges in field conditions for foot-and-mouth disease virus surveillance. Finally, the biosafety measures required to protect researchers and clinical lab workers are considered. However, the inability to isolate viable foot-and-mouth disease virus from FTA cards, another non-enveloped virus, is inconsistent with this argument (Madhanmohan et al., 2016). The viruses were inoculated at the same titer (6log10 pfu/mL).
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