Manufacturers and demolition contractors (2-73) viewed limited viable business models as less important than other stakeholders. Ser. 5.3.3 Manufacture of construction products. x Circular economy in construction: current awareness, challenges and enablers Open PDF Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Waste and Resource Management ISSN 1747-6526 | E-ISSN 1747-6534 Volume 170 Issue 1, February, 2017, pp. This work is made available according to the conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. Foam Resource Efficiency Partnership, Watford, UK. The application of the concept of circular economy thinking in construction, which is in its infancy, has been largely limited to construction waste minimisation and recycling. SG (2016) A Circular Economy Strategy for Scotland. 14-3357. Chief amongst these is a lack of information amongst clients, designers, architects, and subcontractors, especially in articulating the value of CE policies and environmental policies, Chief amongst these is a lack of information amongst clients, designers, architects, and subcontractors, especially in articulating the value of CE policies and environmental policies, The scale of material movements involved are substantial, yet pragmatic advice around the formation of a technical panel and effective collaboration over a 17-year period, are applicable to large and small projects alike. Unsurprisingly, contractors scored take-back schemes to be particularly high (3-54), with the tabulated responses suggesting that the current schemes were restrictive, while demolition contractors viewed the recovery of materials by way of markets (3-55) and technical advancements (3-55) as hugely significant. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. x+ | endobj Download scholarly article PDF and read for free on CyberLeninka open science hub. McDonough Wand Braungart M (2002) Cradle to Cradle. School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (corresponding author: School Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK, Construction Products Association, London, UK. A literature review, interviews and case studies are presented to address this question. Arch., MSc, PhD, FHEA Senior Lecturer, School Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK, Tony Thorpe CEng, CITP, BSc, MSc, PhD, FICE, FBCS, FCIOB, FRICS, MIMgt, Dean, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK, Sustainability Policy Advisor, Construction Products Association, London, UK. This may be because these stakeholders are likely to be familiar with. The key challenges identified by the survey respondents for adopting circular economy industrywide are shown in Figure 2. Mining the physical infrastructure: Opportunities, barriers and interventions in promoting structural components reuse, Salvaging building materials in a circular economy: A BIM-based whole-life performance estimator, Design for Change and Circularity Accommodating Circular Material & Product Flows in Construction, Design waste mapping: a project life cycle approach, Measuring embodied carbon dioxide equivalent of buildings: A review and critique of current industry practice, of scientific paper in Economics and business , author of scholarly article Katherine Tebbatt Adams, Mohamed Osmani, Tony Thorpe, Jane Thornback. uk/sites/files/wrap/WRAP%20Built%20Environment%20-% 20Circular%20Economy%20Jan%202013 .pdf (accessed 22/05/2016). endstream amount of waste, 821 Mt across Europe in 2012, one- third of the total waste generated (Eurostat, 2016). Bilitewski B (2012) The circular economy and its risks. <>stream Pollard S, Turney A, Charley F and Webster K (2016) The circular economy - a reappraisal of the 'stuff' we love. Themed issue on circular economy in the built environment. In addition, the benefits of adopting circular economy may not be shared equally across the supply chain. Discussion from the breakout sessions questioned the value of these business models, especially for longer lived products. 33 0 obj Much of the recent thinking on circular economy has been on short- and medium-lived consumer products (Benton et al., 2015; EMF, 2013b; Pollard et al, 2016). Journal of Cleaner Production 115: 36-51. Medium- and large-sized companies believed that the lack of knowledge was a greater challenge than smaller companies, although companies of all sizes believed that an awareness campaign would be an important enabler. Benton D, Coats E and Hazell J (2015) A Circular Economy for Smart Devices. The findings show that the diffusion of responsibility and differences of perceptions are underlying reasons of the difficulty to implement CE in supply chains. Concrete and measured environmental indicators are not mainstream. That said, there are many opportunities to advance the circular economy through the enabling factors identified. respondent's level of awareness and the relative importance of various challenges and enablers. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. circular economy - a review. EC (European Commission) (2011a) Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe COM/2011/0571 Final. Volume 471, Based on this objective, this study asks a question regarding the ways in which demonstration projects in circular building such as the Circle House contribute to increasing circularity within the building sector. Proceedings of the . principles throughout the supply chain, a clear economic case is paramount, supported by metrics, tools and guidance. <>stream AFNOR Normalisation. BRIQS, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. IC (Imperial College) (2015) Business Models and Enablers for the Circular Economy in the Built Environment. Higher competitiveness, higher resource scarcity and material efficiency. Little research on circular Rijkswaterstaat - Water, Verkeer en Leefomgeving and National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Hague, the Netherlands, RIVM Report 2016-0024. As such, assurance schemes for reused/secondary materials was ranked high as an enabler, especially by contractors (3-44) and demolition contractors (3-27). 21 0 obj The most significant challenges for implementing circular economy industrywide, Financial incentives to use secondary materials, Assurance schemes for reused/secondary materials, Development of enabling technologies to recover materials, Development of higher value secondary markets, Figure 3. economy from a systems perspective including how new business models might enable materials to retain high residual values has been undertaken. Hkkinen Tand Belloni K (2011) Barriers and drivers for sustainable building. $$]. =3_&3-?)= k_SkX2(8GH0r#2%". g9xI>%8EhJ. That said, there are many opportunities to advance the circular economy through the enabling factors identified. Aldersgate Group, London, UK. Levels of awareness for circular economy in the construction sector. Companies need to embrace a more circular perspective that enables the world's natural resources to be used sparingly and then renewed. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium. However, their interpretation is often unclear, as is the way a certain study fits into these research fields. The application of circular economy thinking in construction, which is in its infancy, has been largely limited to construction waste minimisation and recycling. The circular economy (CE) is arising as a novel economic system that is restorative by design. To enable an increased circularity of materials at their highest possible value, technical challenges will need to be overcome (Geng and Doberstein, 2008). Over half of the survey respondents were from large organisations with an annual turnover of more than 50 million and more than 500 employees. Behrens A, Giljum S, Kovanda J and Niza S (2007) The material basis of the global economy. Stahel WR (2010) The Performance Economy. 14 0 obj This study therefore reviews waste interventions. The EMF (2013a) uses the term 'restorative and regenerative by design', emphasising systems thinking and the need to design out negative externalities. Chelsea Green Publishing, White River Junction, VT, USA. (1999), Lund (1955), Stahel (2010), Womack et al. ADAMS, K. et al, 2017. The research findings have shown that this is similar for applying circular economy principles with the respondents stating that a lack of holistic approach and the 'silo' approach of undertaking design, construction, facility management and end-of-life activities are the key challenges. BAMB, Brussels, Belgium. Waste avoidance and closed-loop recycling are the key components within the German legislation (Bilitewski, 2012), while in the Chinese policy, the term is directed at eco-design, cleaner production and eco-industrial parks and networks to create a recycling-oriented society (Geng et al., 2012). 1 Department of Construction Engineering and Management, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan 2 School of Surveying and Built Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD 4300, Australia 3 Walsh B (2012) Standards, Module L2m4-1 in WR1403 - Business Waste Prevention Evidence Review. Circular economy in construction: current awareness, challenges and enablers Article Full-text available Feb 2017 Katherine Adams M. Osmani Antony Thorpe Jane Thornback The application of the. The absence of a broad consensus of what the circular economy looks like in the built environment could be a contributing factor to this. (2017). [15] Adams K. T., Osmani M., Thorpe T. and Thornback J. Bocken NMP, Short SW, Rana P and Evans S (2014) A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes. It is a highly materialintensive sector, consuming between 1-2 and 1-8 Mt of construction materials per annum in Europe (Ecorys, 2014). Contracts based on performance/function was viewed as important by contractors (3-15) but less so for other stakeholders. Chatham House, London, UK. 1 Citation ADAMS, K. . Geng Y and Doberstein B (2008) Developing the circular economy in China: challenges and opportunities for achieving 'leapfrog development'. This assisted in obtaining the overall mean response levels and any qualitative data were tabulated manually. It is then suggested that demonstration projects perform important roles in circular building niche formation, and under certain conditions constitute important factors for the dissemination of circular building. Hence, this research sets out to provide an indication of the awareness levels of circular economy in the construction sector and presents the challenges for greater adoption and how these may be overcome through enabling factors. Indeed, a clear business case was ranked the most important enabler by all stakeholders, with commercial viability identified in the breakout sessions as fundamental to shift current practices. An awareness raising campaign (3-24) and best practice case studies were also considered as very important (3-31) with the breakout sessions emphasising the need for delivery by example. Little research on circular economy from a systems perspective including how new business models might enable materials to retain high residual values has been undertaken. This is compounded by the work being undertaken by various organisations to drive the circular economy forward resulting in the term evolving and the boundaries constantly shifting (Benton and Hazell, 2013; CPA, 2016; ISWA, 2015; MPA, 2016; WEF, 2015). This may be intensified by the move towards more thermal-efficient building stock, modern methods of construction and intelligent buildings, which may encourage the greater use of products that are more difficult to reuse and recover (Adams et al., 2013). Ecorys (2012) Mapping Resource Prices: The Past and the Future. endobj The author reassures that project scale should not be a deterrent to innovation, but warns that the Waste The second paper, The application of the concept of circular economy thinking in construction, which is in its infancy, has been largely limited to construction waste minimisation and recycling. x Issue 9 Adams, K. T., Osmani, M., Thorpe, T., & Thornback, J. Circular economy in construction: Current awareness, challenges and enablers. In all cases, the level of awareness within the respondent's organisations was lower than their own. The research findings will be used to inform the next piece of research, to develop a framework for applying circular economy to buildings overcoming key economic, technical and organisational challenges. International Conference on Asia Pacific Business Innovation and Technology Management Construction Waste Minimization in the UK: Current Pressures for Change and Approaches, A Review of Reductionist versus Systems Perspectives towards 'Doing the Right Strategies Right' for Circular Economy Implementation. There has been a tendency to interpret circular economy as another recycling or sustainability initiative (Chamberlin et al., 2013). These challenges may present themselves at the material, product and/or building level. <>stream Ellen MacArthur Foundation, Cowes, UK. Utilising the results from a survey and a follow up workshop, this paper provides an analysis of an industry-wide perspective of circular economy awareness, challenges and enablers. Linked to this were the challenges stated by a number of respondents of the insurance and warranty issues of using reused materials, especially in a structural capacity and the practicalities of finding time to enable this to happen. Zero Waste Europe, Brussels, Belgium. The authors acknowledge all those who participated in the questionnaire survey and the workshop event. endobj These challenges may present themselves at the material, product and/or building level. 23 0 obj Based on these insights, a Social Network Analysis approach for capturing and analysing perceptions of supply chain actors on the CE changes was developed. Utilising the results from a survey and a follow up workshop . This may have a negative impact on the uptake or a circular economy as a strong view emerged from the manually tabulated responses and the breakout sessions of the need for client buy-in and designers to be fully engaged. This study builds on a thorough literature review, and on inventorying and categorising instruments and ongoing developments. endstream endobj Additionally, this scheme needs to be accompanied by, to be developed, meso-scale circularity indicators to effectively assess the eventual circularity of a bridge. 27 0 obj Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Waste and Resource Management 159(2): 65-72, https://doi.org/10.1680/warm.2006.159.2.65. In A New Dynamic: Effective Business in a Circular Economy (Webster K, Bleriot J and Johnson C (eds)). Thanks are extended to the Green Construction Board Circular Economy Working Group and sponsors of the workshop event: BRE Trust, Construction Products Association and the Knowledge Transfer Network. These opportunities include enhancing standards of construction and maintenance; avoiding early obsolescence and ensuring the right to repair; increasing upcycling and recycling of building materials and components; creating simpler, locally sourced buildings; enhancing informal economy processes; developing waste micro-grids; and supporting local organic waste recycling and soil fertility. The adopted methodology combined both a quantitative approach, in the form of an online survey and a qualitative approach, through an event convened by the government and industry Green Construction Board (GCB). xS**T0T0 Bi ye( Nevertheless, there are a few examples emerging on the application of circular economy principles, mainly related to material choice and design considerations (Kiser, 2016; Laubscher and Marinelli, 2014; Thornback and Adams, 2016). endobj The building sector is amongst the major resource consuming and waste generating sectors of the economy. This observation is supported by the findings of the case study, which revealed that reuse of the concrete structure can potentially avoid a noteworthy portion of the building's embodied CO2 emissions and provide a reasonable economic gain. 30 0 obj According to the Building Material Promotion Council, India generates an estimated 150 million tons of C and D waste every year. Circular economy in the built environment. Multiple case studies, spanning new builds and refurbishment, were undertaken to examine systemic mechanisms that lead to components being discarded. It is concluded that the meso-scale, the construction in general, is rarely discussed. {-_(%Y$$4TBr[>{nz@,d tabulated responses thought it important that the market volatility for secondary materials was addressed and the dependence of certain secondary materials on the marketplace. uk/media/87907/cpa-circular-economy-thinking-the-role-of-manufacturers-12-february-2016.pdf (accessed 22/05/2016). <>stream Durmisevic E and Yeang K (2009) Designing for disassembly (DfD). Laubscher M and Marinelli T (2014) Integration of circular economy in business. endobj As a consequence, adaptive reuse of cultural heritage seems to be the one of the most viable solution to apply CE in the historic built environment. Yet, an in-depth investigation is necessary in order to develop specific design strategies for circular bridges. endobj 26 0 obj Paradigm Publications, Taos, NM, USA. AIS (Association of Interior Specialists) (2012) Mineral Wood Ceiling Tiles: A Resource Efficiency Action Plan. Moreover, it is unclear if the available design tools are able to fulfil the needs of design professionals at all. Nordisk Arkitekturforskning -The Nordic Association of Architectural Research. As such, many material resources are likely to become scarier and more costly to use and a large amount of them may be lost for future use (Benton and Hazell, 2013; Defra, 2012; Ecorys, 2012). 4 0 obj Hence, this research sets out to provide an indication of the awareness levels of circular economy in the construction sector and presents the challenges for greater adoption and how these may be overcome through enabling factors. In India, the amount of demolition waste produced is higher than the construction waste produced while constructing buildings. The absence of incentives to design products and buildings for disassembly and reuse at end of life is a significant challenge. In this article, we aim to identify CE solutions and to lay the foundation for the future development of a system of indicators able to support circular adaptive reuse choices in the historic built environment. Conclusions highlight the need of suitable indicators synthesizing theory and practice of CE in historic built environment, starting from the recognition of multiple impacts of cultural heritage adaptive reuse practices. See http://portailgroupe.afnor.fr/public_ espacenormalisation/centc350/index.html (accessed 13/02/2017). <>>>/BBox[0 0 595 842]/Length 126>>stream x+ | Benton D and Hazell J (2013) Resource Resilient UK: A Report from the Circular Economy Task Force. The circular economy offers a new perspective for industrial ecosystems including materials and products being fed back into the . Waste Management 31(4): 670-679. To enable circularity, through an increase in the lifespan of buildings, the design should take into account adaptability and flexibility, as well as deconstruction at the end of life (Cheshire, 2016). However, at an industrywide level there was a lack of awareness. <>>>/BBox[0 0 595 842]/Length 126>>stream endstream Having no circular economy-specific legislation in place was thought to be an important challenge (2-82) and an important enabler (3-00), although clients, designers and manufacturers thought it to be less important. Despite the wide speculation on this issue, the scientific . A CE achieves long-term sustainability by enabling, The concept of the circular economy is increasingly seen as a major policy agenda item Eng. <>stream WEF (World Economic Forum) (2015) Project MainStream - A Global Collaboration to Accelerate the Transition Towards the Circular Economy Status Update. Leonora Charlotte Malabi Eberhardt1, Harpa Birgisdottir1 and Morten Birkved1, Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd These challenges, combined with the fragmented nature of the construction industry (which was also rated significant), suggest that further incentives are required to enable a transition to a. circular economy. Chamberlin L, Jasmin E and Raskit A (2013) Wales and the Circular Economy: Favourable System Conditions and Economic Opportunities. <>>>/BBox[0 0 595 842]/Length 126>>stream Within this context, circularity in the built environment is attracting attention with applications in many design and urban projects. A review of the strengths of and challenges facing existing and emerging practices can be used to identify significantopportunities to integrate circular economy approaches within the built environment and construction sectors in Africa. Hawken P, Lovins A and Lovins L (1999) Natural Capitalism. (2016) greater recovery (3-26), the low value of products at end of life (3-06) and an unclear financial case (3-25). Survey respondents with greater construction experience believed that a lack of interest was a highly significant challenge. 35 0 obj The breakout sessions focused on the applicability of business models, material flows, and recovery and design considerations. principles throughout the supply chain, a clear economic case is paramount, supported by metrics, tools and guidance. Green Alliance and WRAP, London, UK. Manufacturing of most building materials require large amounts of material and energy resources. Circular Cities: What Are the Benefits of Circular Development? Conversely, demolition contractors thought designers to be the least aware. Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University, A. C. Meyers Vnge 15, 2450 Copenhagen, Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Building 426, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. The term 'circular economy' is becoming increasingly commonplace. Export citation and abstract endobj This is a principal issue for the existing building stock, which has not been designed for circularity (Wallace and Raingold, 2012). Thorpe T and Thornback J 2017 Circular economy in construction: Current awareness, challenges and enablers Proc. This may link to a general lack of understanding of the circular economy, whereby the maintaining value is an important principle. endobj x+ | The application of circular economy thinking in construction, which is in its infancy, has been largely limited to construction waste minimisation and recycling. Accenture, Chicago, IL, USA, Report No. endstream xS**T0T0 Bi y+ DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/471/9/092051, 1 The survey respondents were asked to rank the significance of various challenges for adopting circular economy industrywide and the potential enablers (for challenges: '1' - insignificant, '4' - major challenge and for enablers: '1' - not important, '4' - very important). <>stream World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. 07_& 7w5 y8BC4*hEE!E$n]>g_q3 hy1_3cKhH [& Therefore, this paper investigates the reasons for the difficulty of implementing CE in supply chains. Hence, the need for improved resource efficiency will increase parallel to the growing human demands to ensure that future needs. Circular economy concept and principles, 3. The online survey was used to establish the construction industry's level of awareness of the circular economy and their view on the importance of the challenges and enablers for greater adoption. This commentary must be seen in the light of the many barriers reported in the literature (e.g., [64, Several existing works establish the many links between buildings and CE, There are many obstacles to adopting the CE concept in the building sector. Research to date has largely focused on recycling construction and demolition waste (CDW) with little attention on the reuse of products and there is a subsequent decrease in the materials reclaimed for reuse in the UK (CRWP, 2008; Yuan and Shen, 2011). Proceedings of Institution of Civil Engineers: Waste and Resource Management, 170(1), 1524. Therefore, a greater understanding of the cost benefit of applying circular economy principles to each party involved is required. endstream RIS. Is is published by ICE under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence (CC BY). scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium. Finally, the study presents a discussion revolving around the interactions and effects of demonstration projects in the building sector and at a niche level. Waste Management 32(1): 1-2. A triage process is proposed to capture timely information about existing building components to be discarded, make this information visible to a wide community, and determine usefulness by focusing creativity already present in the industry on an exhaustive examination of component reusability and upcyclability. org/material-value-and-reuse-the-end-user-couldnt-care-less/ (accessed 24/06/2016). To enable an increased circularity of materials at their highest possible value, technical challenges will need to be overcome (Geng and Doberstein, 2008). economy from a systems perspective including how new business models might enable materials to retain high residual values has been undertaken. Limited awareness, interest and knowledge are identified as significant challenges. This is where the circular economy principle of systems thinking is central, identifying where synergies and divergences lie and the potential for unintended or perverse consequences. The objective of this master thesis is to develop knowledge to explain the possible effects of demonstration projects in circular building and their contribution to the building sectors transition to a circular economy. Moving towards a circular economy system provides an opportunity to address this through the reduction of the use of primary materials, protecting material resources and reducing the carbon footprint (EMF and MCK, 2014; Pratt and Lenaghan, 2015). 24 0 obj org/images/stories/112212%20GCB%20Circular%20Economy% 20April%202016%20v3.pdf (accessed 22/05/2016). (1997), Graedel and Allenby (1995), Meadows and Wright (2008), Pauli (2010), Table 2. There is a significant body of literature on the drivers and benefits of circular economy; however, little research or wide-scale application has been undertaken within a construction context. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Waste and Resource Management. This research identified the significant benefits, barriers, and motivation factors to implement the waste management system, and proposing any necessary changes. Circular economy in construction: current awareness, challenges and enablers - topic of research paper in Economics and business. <>>>/BBox[0 0 595 842]/Length 126>>stream EMF (2015) Growth Within: A Circular Economy Vision for a. Sci. Or Otherwise? This paper was based on research conducted within a research project 'Embedding Circular Economy in the Built Environment' funded by the BRE Trust. <>>>/BBox[0 0 595 842]/Length 126>>stream 28 0 obj BIS, London, UK. subcontractors are the least informed and this is a key challenge for greater adoption. Green Alliance, London, UK. While legislation and policy did not feature within the most significant challenges, ambiguous end-of-waste regulations was ranked as the largest legislation and policy challenge (2-91) with demolition contractors ranking it the highest (3-27). Eurostat, Luxembourg, Luxembourg. xS**T0T0 Bi yn) Journal of Cleaner Production 23(1): 216-224. Concern has been raised on the lack of an accepted definition which is seen as a challenge to its uptake (Cossu and Williams, 2015; Preston, 2012; ZWS, 2015). Globally, the human population continues to use more material resources as the population grows and income increases (Behrens et al., 2007; McKinsey Global Institute, 2011). Brick Development Association, London, UK. 2. endstream This was broadly similar to those discussed in the breakout sessions, with financial, structural and knowledge all considered to be important issues.
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