Adult butterflies feed on decaying matter, aphid honeydew, and nectar from composite flowers. cemA and contained premature termination codons in Casearia decandra Jacq and Casearia velutina, whereas, atpF was a pseudogene in Olmediella betschleriana. plants, Visit this family in the Dioecious. The species in Salicaceae s.l. Powell W., Morgante M., Mcdevitt R., Vendramin G.G., Rafalski J.A. Yang Y., Zhou T., Duan D., Yang J., Feng L., Zhao G. Comparative Analysis of the Complete Chloroplast Genomes of Five Quercus Species. government site. A rare and endangered relative X. crenatum is restricted to a few locations on Kauai (Mhihi Stream and the upper Nualolo Trail). We found that the tandem repeat sequences were mainly located in non-coding regions, whereas, only a few were located in the coding regions (ycf2, rpl22, rpl14, rpoC2, ycf1, ndhD, ndhG, psbL, ndhF, rpoA, petD, and ccsA). Dichotomous Key. An abundant oil containing unsaturated fatty acids can be synthesized from Idesia fruits [6]. The shift of IR-SC boundaries was a common evolutionary event and played an important role in plastome size variation [36]. Populus species have become model organisms for basic research in molecular biology and genetics because of their small genome size and fast growth rates. The family Salicaceae includes cottonwoods (Populus) In total, our subsequent comparative analysis included 24 species representing 18 genera of the family Salicaceae s.l. Family: The white willow is in the family Salicaceae. Salicaceae family. On seedlings, leaf blades may clasp the stem but this character is lacking on older plants. The plastid genome is widely used in plant genetic population and phylogeny analysis because of its slow rate of nucleotide substitution in gene coding genes and relatively conservative gene structure and content, which can also increase phylogenetic resolution at the lower taxonomic levels [9,10,11,12,13,14]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://webblast.ipk-gatersleben.de/misa/, https://bibiserv.cebitec.uni-bielefeld.de/reputer, http://tandem.bu.edu/trf/trf.submit.options.html, http://genome.lbl.gov/vista/mvista/submit.shtml, https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/15/3788/s1. Plains Cottonwood. Plastid Chromosomes; Structure and Evolution. The sepals are greatly reduced or absent, and there are no petals. Mao-Lun W., Blazier J.C., Madhumita G., Jansen R.K. Reconstruction of the ancestral plastid genome in Geraniaceae reveals a correlation between genome rearrangements, repeats, and nucleotide substitution rates. Chumley T.W., Palmer J.D., Mower J.P., Fourcade H.M., Calie P.J., Boore J.L., Jansen R.K. Recognized to be closely related to the Violaceae and Passifloraceae, the family is placed by the APG in the order Malpighiales. Salicaceae Salix: click on the genus name for a flower image; Links to Other Web Sites . Katoh K., Standley D.M. Jiao Y., Jia H.M., Li X.W., Chai M.L., Jia H.J., Chen Z., Wang G.Y., Chai C.Y., Weg E.V.D., Gao Z.S. Several classifications have been published, but taxonomic subdivision has been under continuous revision. Salicaceae, Violaceae, Achariaceae, Malesherbiaceae, Turneraceae, Passifloraceae, and Lacistemataceae form a related group. Li R.J., Gao X., Li L.M., Liu X.L., Wang Z.Y., L S.Y. The weeping willow is a medium to large deciduous landscape tree in the Salicaceae or willow family. Most, if not all, willow species are moisture-loving plants that will seek out underground pipes carrying water. If the plant either shows no stipules or very small, rudimentary stipules it is Arroyo Willow. major reference In Malpighiales: The Salicaceae group Salicaceae, Violaceae, Achariaceae, Malesherbiaceae, Turneraceae, Passifloraceae, and Lacistemataceae form a related group. Passifloraceae are mostly woody or herbaceous climbers with unbranched tendrils that arise between the stipules. Chen J.H., Sun H., Wen J., Yang Y.P. these characteristics make S. suchowensis an ideal model system for revealing the genetic mechanisms underlying the unique biological . These characteristics, together with their relatively small genomes and the rapidly growing research resources, have led to Salicaceae species emerging as the model system for different aspects of . The ten silica-gel-dried materials were obtained from Harvard University Herbaria and the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. The family is largely tropical to warm temperate, although there are relatively few species in Malesia and Australia. The other clade was divided into two subclades, one subclade included five genera, Flacourtia, Xylosma, and Dovyalis belonging to the Saliceae, Scolopia belonging to Scolopieae, and Homolium belonging to Homalieae. Twenty complete plastid genomes belonging to fourteen genera of the family Salicaceae s.l. and the outgroup was estimated as ~93 Mya; Salix, and Populus diverged around 34 Mya, consistent with the previously reported time. Mimosoid legume plastome evolution: IR expansion, tandem repeat expansions, and accelerated rate of evolution inclpP. Within the Salicaceae family, Populus trichocarpa was the rst sequenced woody . We analyzed the direct repeats, inverted repeats, reverse repeats, complementary repeats, and tandem repeats in 24 Salicaceae s.l. The most recent study used 42 species from six genera based on the complete plastomes in order to examine phylogenetic relationships of Salicaceae [31]. Leaves are deciduous, simple and alternate. The voucher specimens for the ten fresh sampled plants collected from XiShuangBanNa Tropical Botanical Garden (Mengla, China) were deposited at the Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education (Chengdu, Sichuan, China). Frazer K.A., Pachter L., Poliakov A., Rubin E.M., Dubchak I. VISTA: Computational tools for comparative genomics. Widespread ancient whole genome duplications in Malpighiales coincide with Eocene global climatic upheaval. Lenka D., Jan K., Cestmr V., Vclav P. TrnL- trnF intergenic spacer and trnL intron define major clades within Luzula and Juncus (Juncaceae): Importance of structural mutations. About Tom | Green University, LLC Then, we annotated the assembled plastid genome in Plann v1.1 [72]. from the NCBI GenBank. The complete plastid genome together with gene annotations was submitted to the GenBank. Cosner M.E., Jansen R.K., Palmer J.D., Downie S.R. Palmer J.D. Many parallel losses of infA from chloroplast DNA during angiosperm evolution with multiple independent transfers to the nucleus. Violaceae, or the violet family, contains 23 genera and 800 species of herbs to trees with a few vines. Members of the family often have flowers which are reduced and inconspicuous, and all have ovaries that are superior or half-inferior with parietal placentation. Cai L., Xi Z., Amorim A.M., Sugumaran M., Rest J.S., Liang L., Davis C.C. remain poorly understood. Detailed characteristics including WOX genes sequence ID, . species or as potential molecular markers for population genetics and phylogenetics. In the pistillate (female) flower, the ovary is positioned superior and consists of 2 to 4 united carpels (syncarpous) forming a single chamber. Tobacco Root Mountains. Baraloto C., Chave J. species or genotypes within the Salicaceae family vary in their ability to fix N 2. The SSRs were evaluated using the online software MISA (https://webblast.ipk-gatersleben.de/misa/) [74] with thresholds: 10, 5, 4, 3, 3, 3 ten repeat units for mononucleotide SSRs, five repeat units for dinucleotide SSRs, four repeat units for trinucleotide SSRs and three repeat units for tetra-, penta-, and hexanucleotide SSRs. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Species names are often changing. Economic and ecological importance of willows. The divergence time between Salicaceae s.l. The Salicaceae family contains the sister genera of Salix (willows) and Populus (poplars), which are diecious catkin-bearing woody plants. The Sinodielsia clade of the subfamily Apioideae (Apiacieae) was established in 2008, and it is composed of 37 species from 17 genera. The genera in one of the two main clades of Salicoideae included Populus, Salix, Bennettiodendron, Idesia, Olmediella, Carrierea, Itoa, and Poliothyrsis, all belonging to Saliceae. We further estimated divergence timescales of the major clades within the Salicaceae s.l. Supplementary materials can be found at https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/15/3788/s1. Methods for Obtaining and Analyzing Whole Chloroplast Genome Sequences. plastids (Figure 2a, Table S1). This plant supports Viceroy (Limenitis archippus) larvae which has two to three broods from May-September. The Salicaceae as recognized currently are much expanded from the traditional family delimitation and encompasses the former Flacourtiaceae. A strong tea of the leaves might prove more effective, without the bad taste. In this study, we compare 24 species representing 18 genera of the family. Jansen R.K., Raubeson L.A., Boore J.L., Depamphilis C.W., Chumley T.W., Haberle R.C., Wyman S.K., Alverson A.J., Peery R., Herman S.J. Both XY and ZW sex determination systems have been reported in the dioecious species, indicating an amazingly diversified history of sex determination [4,5]. Black Willow can distinguished,sinceboth leaf surfaces areshiny green. X-axis: position of the midpoint of a window, Y-axis: nucleotide diversity of each window (window length: 600 bp and step size: 200 bp). Help. The family is most common in the tropics and grows worldwide, except for New Zealand, and only a few species are found in Australia. A total of 131 functional genes with the same order were annotated in each of the newly sequenced plastomes, of which 102 were unique genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes (Figure 1, Table 2). The gene cemA contained premature termination codons in Casearia decandra Jacq and Casearia velutina, while gene atpF contained premature termination codons in Olmediella betschleriana. form a strategic partnership called N.C. Resources. Subspecies elevated to species or vice versa. One of the characteristics that put the white willow in this group is that the sap contains a heavy concentration of salicylic acid. The whole plastid genome of 61 species in Salicaceae s.l. IR expansion/contraction also represents a highly variable region, which can be used to study the phylogenetic classification of plants and achieve molecular improvement of plant phenotypes. Diffey J.M. family, containing over 1000 species [2]. Botanically, the Willow family consists of bushes and trees with simple, alternate leaves. Alexandros S. RAxML version 8: A tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Daniell H., Lin C.S., Ming Y., Chang W.J. Willows are widely dispersed and occur on all continents except Antarctica, but they are most diverse in cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Givnish T.J., Spalink D., Ames M., Lyon S.P., Hunter S.J., Zuluaga A., Iles W.J.D., Clements M.A., Arroyo M.T.K., Leebens-Mack J. Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of their extraordinary diversification. In this study, the mononucleotide repeats were the most common, of which 822 were T type accounting for about 57%, while 606 (41%), 16 (1%), 11 (0.7%), were A, C, and G type, respectively. In the Cronquist system, the Salicaceae were assigned to their own order, Salicales, and contained three genera (Salix, Populus, and Chosenia). The plant family Salicaceae (order Malpighiales) includes well-known species such as poplar (Populus spp. according to the calibrations of the species tree constructed on the basis of 63 protein-coding genes. We compared 24 plastomes, 20 newly sequenced and four other species sequences were collected from the NCBI GenBank, all representing 18 genera of the family Salicaceae s.l. English names variously applied to different species include poplar ( / pplr / ), aspen, and cottonwood . Expanding before or with (rarely after) the leaves. Be cautious about planting willows near sewer lines or water pipes, because their roots will naturally gravitate to them. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are considered effective molecular markers for plant species identification and population genetics. Comparison of the nucleotide variability (Pi) values of the plastomes. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. However, the difference in plastid sequence, phylogenetic relationships, and lineage diversification of the family Salicaceae s.l. in part by the National Science Foundation. 1Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China, 2CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China. In our study, only infA was not found in the plastid genome of Salicaceae s.l. Kim K.J., Jansen R.K. ndhF sequence evolution and the major clades in the sunflower family. Seeds are surrounded by cotton-like hairs that facilitate wind and water dispersal. plants are recognized for their important role in the production of products such as wood, oils, and medicines, and as a model organism in life studies. References. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help P. incarnata has an ingredient used in sedatives, and the flowers of P. x belotii are used to make scent. Ki-Joong K., Hae-Lim L. Widespread occurrence of small inversions in the chloroplast genomes of land plants. Jefferson River. Across the 24 species, the values of nucleotide variability ranged from 0 to 0.139, with an average of 0.023, suggesting a high conservation of plastid genomes within Salicaceae s.l. Haberle R.C., Fourcade HMBoore J.L., Jansen R.K. Extensive rearrangements in the chloroplast genome of Trachelium caeruleum are associated with repeats and tRNA genes. Each plastome presented a typical quadripartite structure and varied in size due to the expansion and contraction of the inverted repeat (IR) boundary, lacking major structural variations, but we identified six divergence hotspot regions. narrowleaf willow. Rannala B., Yang Z. Inferring speciation times under an episodic molecular clock. Hermant M., Hennion F., Bartish I.V., Yguel B., Prinzing A. Disparate relatives: Life histories vary more in genera occupying intermediate environments. These SSRs were located in 39 coding genes, and the genes with the highest SSR frequency are ycf1, rpoc2, and ndhF, which are 95, 48, and 26 times, respectively (Table S1). The flowers are unisexual with male and female flowers . Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, If so, it willalso be asmall and very thin leaf. 2023 Furter, mVISTA (http://genome.lbl.gov/vista/mvista/submit.shtml) [77], a web-based program, was used to compare similarities and detect any rearrangements or inversions among different plastid genomes. New England Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Members of the Salix genus support the following specilized bees:Andrena (Parandrena) andrenoides,Andrena (Thysandrena) bisalicis,Andrena (Tylandrena) erythrogaster,Andrena (Andrena) frigida,Andrena (Micrandrena) illinoiensis,Andrena (Andrena) macoupinensis,Andrena (Trachandrena) mariae,Andrena (Parandrena) nida,Andrena (Micrandrena) nigrae,Andrena (Micrandrena) salictaria,Andrena (Parandrena) wellesleyana. Flowers in erect catkins. Chase M.W., Zmarzty S., Dolores Lled M., Wurdack K.J., Fay S.M.F. Dugas D.V., Hernandez D., Koenen E.J.M., Schwarz E., Straub S., Hughes C.E., Jansen R.K., Nageswara-Rao M., Staats M., Trujillo J.T. Each flower subtended by a tiny bract (leaf like structure). 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