Plastics are cheap, durable, and long-lasting. Cities such as Jakarta in Indonesia and Manila in the Philippines are drained by relatively small rivers but account for a large share of plastic emissions. A brief history of the holiday. Every year, about 8 million tons of plastic waste escapes into the oceans from coastal nations. Therefore, 10-11 percent of Chinas total plastic waste was imported from around the world. 3. (2017). Can it be cleaned up? Ultimately, a shift to circular approachesandmorealternativesare necessary. Cigarette butts whose filters contain tiny plastic fibers are the most common type of plastic waste found in the environment. These figures represent total plastic waste generation and do not account for differences in waste management, recycling or incineration. Plastic pollutionin oceans and other bodies of watercontinues togrow sharply andcouldmore than double by 2030,according to anassessmentreleasedonThursdayby the UN Environment Programme (UNEP). Gven, O., Gkda, K., Jovanovi, B., & Kdey, A. E. (2017). Which countries emit the most plastic into the oceans? The world now produces more than 380 million tonnes of plastic every year, which could end up as pollutants, entering our natural environment and oceans. Whilst this is the relative contribution as an aggregate of global ocean plastics, the relative contribution of different sources will vary depending on geographical location and context. This can ultimately lead to death. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. Ecology,97(2), 302-312. There a number of potential effects of microplastics at different biological levels, which range from sub-cellular to ecosystems, but most research has focused on impacts in individual adult organisms. Create a free account to continue and get unlimited access to hundreds of Nat Geo articles, plus newsletters. Fishing gear, for example, has been shown to cause abrasion and damage to coral reef ecosystems upon collision. They therefore do not represent quantities of plastic at risk of loss to the ocean or other waterways. EnvironmentalPollution, 214, 859865 (2016). Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. The GPGP comprised 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic, with a mass of 79,000 tonnes (approximately 29 percent of the 269,000 tonnes in the worlds surface oceans). It is vital that weuse this momentum to focus on the opportunities for a clean, healthy and resilient ocean, Ms. Andersenargued. This topic page can be cited as: All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license. If we currently pollute our oceans with millions of tonnes of plastic each year, we must have released tens of millions of tonnes in recent decades. Since then, annual production has increased nearly 230-fold, reaching 460 million tonnes in 2019. How can you tell if a wild animal really needs your help? Establishing a circular economy is crucial to reduce plastic pollution. 80 years ago, young men of color were attacked for their unpatriotic fashion choices, leading to the Zoot Suit Riots. Science Advances,3(7), e1700782. The ecological impacts of marine debris: unraveling the demonstrated evidence from what is perceived. Correcting our plastic waste problem requires a fundamental change in thinking about how plastics are made, used, and discarded, two new studies say. Identifying a very strange skeleton, Fossils reveal predator's struggle to survive mass extinction, You can't detox your uterusdebunking popular myths about PCOS, How bison have been brought back from the brink in Saskatchewan, A summer guide to Lisbon, from street art to hilltop lookouts, 10 national parks to avoid the summer crowds. Available at: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_4. Production increased exponentially, from 2.3 million tons in 1950 to 448 million tons by 2015. Available at:http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0155063. Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear. This could be accomplished with improved waste management systems and recycling, better product design that takes into account the short life of disposable packaging, and reduction in manufacturing of unnecessary single-use plastics. Plastic pollution is having a negative impact on our oceans and wildlife health, High-income countries generate more plastic waste per person. Science, 347(6223), 768-771. And as this crisis spreads to every corner of the globe, WWF is leading the charge to help reimagine how we source, design, dispose of, and reuse the plastic materials communities most depend upon. Marine Pollution Bulletin 111, 213220 (2016). Science of the Total Environment,566, 333-349. Seaweed may play a big role in the fight against climate change, Every season actually begins twiceheres why, Is banning fishing bad for fishermen? At 64, Diana Nyad swam from Cuba to Florida. Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. Plastic waste is choking our planet - polluting the air, water, and soil both people and wildlife need to survive. What is the relative contribution of each? According to the report, there are alsosignificantconsequences forthe global economy. To put this in context, Chinas domestic plastic waste generation was around 61 million tonnes. Springer, Cham. Plastic enters the oceans from coastlines, rivers, tides, and marine sources. A., Murk, A. J., & Koelmans, A. How'd she do it? Since its creation, plastic production has been increasing exponentially worldwide. This is shown by particle size in terms of mass (left) and particle count (right). 229 likes, 1 comments - Green Welfare Indonesia (@greenwelfare.id) on Instagram: "Every year, the Earth yields billions of tons of natural resources and at some point . Very small particles such as plastic fibres can be taken up by small organisms such as filter-feeding oysters or mussels; larger materials such as plastic films, cigarette packets, and food packaging have been found in large fish species; and in extreme cases, documented cases of sperm whales have shown ingestion of very large materials including9m of rope, 4.5m of hose, two flowerpots, and large amounts of plastic sheeting.32. Available at:http://oro.open.ac.uk/47539/. But wealthy nations, especially those with low recycling rates, also have trouble properly collecting discarded plastics. However, the estimated waste volume reached over 530 Mt in the first 7 months of the COVID-19 outbreak (December 2019-June 2020), suggesting plastic waste totals for 2020 would be at least . Trash is also carried to sea bymajor rivers, which act as conveyor belts, picking up more and more trash as they move downstream. To which industries and product uses is primary plastic production allocated? Low-to-middle income countries tend to have poorer waste management infrastructure. In the chart we see the quantity of plastic exported to China from the top 10 exporting countries. Please be respectful of copyright. One the one hand, cutting fossil f Microplastics have been found in more than 100 aquatic species, including fish, shrimp, and mussels destined for our dinner plates. This means there is a large amount of mismanaged plastic waste that can enter rivers and the ocean in the first place. This makes it a valuable material for many functions. Waste can be dumped outside of landfills, and landfills that do exist are often open, leaking waste to the surrounding environment. How does plastic impact wildlife and human health? National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. To try to understand the conundrum of what happens to plastic waste when it enters the ocean, Lebreton, Egger and Slat (2019) created a global model of ocean plastics from 1950 to 2015. Scientific Reports,7(1), 8620. & Gorokhova, E. The effects of natural and anthropogenic microparticles on individual fitness in Daphnia magna. Primary plastic production by polymer type can be found here. Micro (nano) plastics: A threat to human health?. Their results suggest that macroplastics can persist for decades; can be buried and resurfaced along shorelines; and end up in offshore regions years later. What are the most common items of waste found in rivers and oceans? For example,in 2015,greenhouse gas emissions from plastics were 1.7 gigatonnes of CO2 equivalent; by 2050, theyreprojected to increase to approximately 6.5gigatonnes. Plastic waste in the marine environment: A review of sources, occurrence and effects. At the global level, best estimates suggest that approximately 80 percent of ocean plastics come from land-based sources, and the remaining 20 percent from marine sources.6, Of the 20 percent from marine sources, its estimated that around half (10 percentage points) arises from fishing fleets (such as nets, lines and abandoned vessels). Secondly, accumulated plastics are much older than previously thought. For theExecutive Director of UNEP,Inger Andersen,this assessmentprovides the strongest scientific argument to date for the urgency to act, and for collective action to protect and restore our oceans,from source to sea.. PloS one, 9(12), e111913. All of our charts can be embedded in any site. Macroplastics appear to persist in the surface of the ocean for decades without breaking down. For hundreds on board, the terrifying 1629 wreck of Batavia was just the beginning. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. The most well-known example of large plastic accumulations in surface waters is the so-called Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP). Wang, J., Tan, Z., Peng, J., Qiu, Q., & Li, M. (2016). Ingested plastic transfers hazardous chemicals to fish and induces hepatic stress. How much plastic enters the worlds oceans? Devriese, L. I., De Witte, B., Vethaak, A. D., Hostens, K., & Leslie, H. A. By 2040,itwill nearly triple, adding 23-37 million metric tons of waste into the ocean per year. In the figure we summarize global plastic production to final fate over the period 1950 to 2015.3. Food wrappers, plastic bottles, plastic bottle caps, plastic grocery bags, plastic . Scientific Reports,8(1), 4666. No credit card required. in the ongoing deliberations of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to develop a legally binding treaty to end plastic pollution. Available at:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25563688. New research shows that larval fish are eating nanofibers in the first days of life, raising new questions about the effects of plastics on fish populations. Liebezeit, G., & Liebezeit, E. (2013). NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-54. The implications of this complexity are two-fold: in many cases it is convenient for countries to export their recycled plastic waste (meaning they dont have to handle it domestically); and for importing countries, this plastic is often discarded if it doesnt meet the sufficient requirements for recycled or is contaminated by non-recyclable plastic. She or he will best know the preferred format. Plastic pollution is one of the biggest environmental issues facing the planet. Unlimited access to free content. Although whale sharks are the biggest fish in the sea, they're still threatened by ingesting small bits of plastic. All. The devastating impact of COVID-19 and the extraordinary measures taken around the world have led to some tough questions for those working to combat plastic pollution. That number represents15 per cent of thewholeglobal carbonbudget-theamount of greenhouse gas that can be emitted,whilestill keepingwarming within the Paris Agreement goals. 80 years ago, young men of color were attacked for their unpatriotic fashion choices, leading to the Zoot Suit Riots. Available at:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749116323910. These responses include oxidative stress, metabolic disruption, reduced enzyme activity, and cellular necrosis.34,35,36,37. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increased demand for single-use plastic, intensifying pressure on this already out-of-control problem. There is, currently, very little evidence of the impact that microplastics can have on humans. Mechanical systems, such as Mr. Trash Wheel, a litter interceptor in Marylands Baltimore Harbor, can be effective at picking up large pieces of plastic, such as foam cups and food containers, from inland waters. Invention Sustainability Waste Resources History and Future of Plastics What Are Plastics and Where Do They Come From? A whale shark swims beside a plastic bag in the Gulf of Aden near Yemen. In the case of microplastics (particles smaller than 4.75 millimeter in diameter), the key concern is ingestion. And, any additional plastics we add will contribute further. Available at:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19440049.2014.945099. PloS one, 9(12), e111913. Help us do this work by making a donation. One possibility is that it is due to imprecise measurement: we might either grossly overestimate the amount of plastic waste we release into the ocean, or underestimate the amount floating in the surface ocean. Present an array of everyday plastic artifacts that were not always made of plastic, or are made from a variety of materials today, such as picnicware, grocery bags, soda bottles, garbage bags, to-go coffee lids, and synthetic clothing. Available at:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969716310154. Each countrys share of global mismanaged waste is shown in the map. 523; UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. Plastics revolutionized medicine with life-saving devices, made space travel possible, lightened cars and jetssaving fuel and pollutionand saved lives with helmets, incubators, and equipment for clean drinking water. Plastic trash has become so ubiquitous it has prompted efforts to write a global treaty negotiated by the United Nations. The Ciliwung River basin in Java is 275 times smaller than the Rhine river basin in Europe and generates 75% less plastic waste. Plastic pollution in the oceans seriously affects sea life - injuring and trapping turtles, dolphins and whales and confusing birds and other creatures into thinking it's food. Science, 347(6223), 768-771. Previous studies (notably Lebreton et al. When organisms ingest microplastics, it can take up space in the gut and digestive system, leading to reductions in feeding signals. One of the most widely-quoted estimates is 250,000 tonnes.18. This is supported by figures from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) which suggests abandoned, lost or discarded fishing gear contributes approximately 10 percent to total ocean plastics.7, Other estimates allocate a slightly higher contribution of marine sources, at 28 percent of total ocean plastics.8. Environmental Pollution,193, 65-70. (2014) estimated that there was approximately 269,000 tonnes of plastic in surface waters across the world.11. The short downturn in annual production in 2009 and 2010 was predominantly the result of the 2008 global financial crisis a similar dent is seen across several metrics of resource production and consumption, including energy. Fireflies are vanishingbut you can help protect them. About 10% of the world's ocean plastic pollution is made up of plastic-based fishing nets and rope. All rights reserved. Plastic microfibers (or the even smaller nanofibers), meanwhile, have been found in municipal drinking water systems and drifting through theair.Harm to WildlifeMillions of animals are killed by plastics every year, from birds to fish to other marine organisms. (2014). Receive daily updates directly in your inbox -, Plastic pollutionon course to double by2030, From Pollution to Solution: a global assessment of marine litter and plastic pollution, World Migratory Bird Day highlights deadly risks of plastic pollution, Mostagricultural fundingdistorts prices,harms environment: UN report, Fossil fuel production dangerously out of sync with climate change targets, FROM THE FIELD: The pollution challenge facing the Dragons Jewels of Viet Nam. Jabeen, K., Su, L., Li, J., Yang, D., Tong, C., Mu, J., & Shi, H. (2017). Scientific Reports12, 12666. More recent studies estimate that this share is higher giving the 75% to 86% referenced here.Lebreton, L., Slat, B., Ferrari, F., Sainte-Rose, B., Aitken, J., Marthouse, R., & Noble, K. (2018). The Chinese import ban and its impact on global plastic waste trade. After the theme park failed to turn over all its records, the USDA reissued its license, which was a blatant violation of the law, experts say. Overall, 46 per cent of plastic waste is landfilled, while 22 per cent is mismanaged and becomes litter. Currently, plastic accounts for 85 per cent ofallmarine litter. It also helps if we understandwhythese rivers emit so much. Cities and states. The authors estimate the GPGP spanned 1.6 million km2. The Pew Charitable Trusts' recent report, "Breaking the Plastic Wave," and accompanying paper in the journal Science, provides the results of an ambitious modeling effort to understand how plastic production, use, and disposal contribute to this issue. Unlike other materials, plastic does not biodegrade. Microplastics in Spanish Table Salt. In 1950 the world produced only 2 million tonnes per year. Available at:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22939-w. But that's not the only way plastic moves around; it can also be transported by the wind. The study by Lebreton, Egger and Slat challenges the previous hypotheses that plastics in the surface ocean have a very short lifetime, quickly degrade into microplastics and sink to greater depths. A. It also gets much more rainfall meaning the plastic waste is more easily transported than in the Rhine basin. In the chart we see the quantity of plastic waste China had to manage over the period from 2010 to 2016. This does not include littered plastic waste, which is approximately 2% of total waste (including high-income countries).70, Mismanaged waste: material that is either littered or inadequately disposed (the sum of littered and inadequately disposed waste). We can have our fish and eat them too.. Science, 347(6223), 768-771. Khn, S., Rebolledo, E. L. B., & van Franeker, J. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Synthetic particles as contaminants in German beers. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/768, http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/7/e1700782, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969716310154, http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0620e/i0620e00.htm, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22939-w, Industrialised fishing nations largely contribute to floating plastic pollution in the North Pacific subtropical gyre, More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean, http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913, Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean, Plastic pollution in the worlds oceans: more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea, Bottles, bags, ropes and toothbrushes: the struggle to track ocean plastics, A global mass budget for positively buoyant macroplastic debris in the ocean, The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris, https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060409, https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/14-2070.1, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_4, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X14008571, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0116, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X13002501, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X16305380, http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0155063, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25563688, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5b04026, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43097705.pdf, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468584417300235, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_13, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749116323910, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749116311666, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b01090, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749114002425, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19440049.2013.843025, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19440049.2014.945099, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b03163, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141113615300659, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es400931b, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-09128-x, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653517311724, http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/6/eaat0131, A slide-deck summary of global plastics is. Ecological Indicators,34, 641647 (2013). Of the 40 million tons of plastic waste generated in the U.S. in 2021, only 5% to 6% or about two million tons was recycled. Available at:https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060409. Why has plastic pollution increased over the years? Ingestion of plastic pollutants by marine birds. What sunscreens are best for youand the planet? Between 2019 and 2020, there was a 5.7% overall decrease in plastics recovered for recycling in the U.S. That is the equivalent of 290 million pounds. Environment, Science & Technology,49, 11301137 (2015). Our most recent estimates of the contribution of marine sources to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) is that abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear make up 75% of 86% of floating plastic mass (greater than 5 centimeters).15 This research suggests that most of this fishing activity originates from five countries Japan, South Korea, China, the United States and Taiwan. This ray is vanishing from our oceansand being made into jewelry, Why 4 dead California sea otters have scientists so alarmed. In 2010, it implemented its Green Fence program a temporary restriction for plastic imports with significantly less contamination. There are several ways by which plastic particles can be ingested: orally through water, consumption of marine products which contain microplastics, through the skin via cosmetics (identified as highly unlikely but possible), or inhalation of particles in the air.49, It is possible for microplastics to be passed up to higher levels in the food chain. In Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris, 2729 November 1984, Honolulu, Hawaii, ed. 2018) estimated that plastic lines, ropes, and fishing nets contributed just over half of the plastic mass in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. This is differentiated by domestic plastic waste generation, shown in blue, and imported plastic waste shown in orange. Tohelp reduce plastic waste at the needed scale, it proposes an accelerated transition from fossil fuels to renewable energies, the removal of subsidies and a shift towardsmorecircular approachestowards reduction. The repercussions can still be felt today. There are three key pathways by which plastic debris can affect wildlife27: Entanglement the entrapping, encircling or constricting of marine animals by plastic debris. Food chain transport of nanoparticles affects behaviour and fat metabolism in fish. The burning of plastics can release toxins to the air and surrounding environment and should therefore be carried out under controlled and regulated conditions. When citing this topic page, please also cite the underlying data sources. Offshore we find large plastic objects dating as far back as the 1950s and 1960s. Other scientists I spoke to downplayed plastic pollution as one problem among many, albeit one that had crowded out public interest in more pressing problems. Scientific Reports,8(1), 4666. All the BBC's news on plastic pollution It is estimated debris takes about six years to reach the centre of the North Pacific gyre from the coast of the US, and about a year from Japan. Amazon's elimination of single-use plastic packaging in India and its increased use of returnable and reusable packaging in that market are helping to reduce plastic pollution. What are the characteristics of the largest emitting rivers? When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. Li, W. C., Tse, H. F., & Fok, L. (2016). Ingestion of plastic can occur unintentionally, intentionally, or indirectly through the ingestion of prey species containing plastic. There is increasing evidence that microplastic ingestion can affect the consumption of prey, leading to energy depletion, inhibited growth and fertility impacts. Ocean plastic pollution is an urgent and global problem. Not all mismanaged plastic waste has the same probability that it reaches river networks, and then the ocean. Probability that mismanaged plastic waste gets emitted to the ocean. Available at:https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060409. Primary plastic production does not directly reflect plastic waste generation (as shown in the next section), since this is also influenced by the polymer type and lifetime of the end product. At the end of that year China introduced a complete ban on the imports of non-industrial plastic waste.67. Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., & Law, K. L. (2017). Pollutants bioavailability and toxicological risk from microplastics to marine mussels. This is because the Philippines consists of many small islands where the majority of the population lives near the coast. The Philippines accounts for more than one-third (36%) of plastic inputs unsurprising given the fact that its home to seven of the top ten rivers. This would be expected since the majority of the worlds population and in particular, coastal populations live within the Northern Hemisphere. 2. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Rist, S. E. et al. This discrepancy is often referred to as the missing plastic problem.19 Its a conundrum we need to address if we want to understand where plastic waste could end up, and what its impacts might be for wildlife, ecosystems and health. Plastics are typically buoyant meaning they float on the ocean surface , allowing them to be transported by the prevalent wind and surface current routes. Second, the largest emitters tend to have cities nearby: this means there are a lot of paved surfaces where both water and plastic can drain into river outlets. Bouwmeester, H., Hollman, P. C., & Peters, R. J. "We have a plastic waste problem." The early days of COVID-19, when attention was focused on potential spread from surfaces, proved to be a particular boon for plastic bags. With no improvements to managing waste beyond whats already in place today, 99 million tons of, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Instead, the assessment calls for the immediate reductionin plasticproductionand consumption,and encourages a transformation across the whole value chain. How much plastic has the world produced cumulatively? Potential health impact of environmentally released micro-and nanoplastics in the human food production chain: experiences from nanotoxicology. Galloway T.S. But, most of the plastic that ends up in the ocean comes from rivers in low-to-middle income countries. The report will inform discussions at theUN Environment Assemblyin 2022, where countries will come together to decide a way forward formoreglobal cooperation. Ogonowski, M., Schr, C., Jarsn, . (2016)25 reviews the findings of peer-reviewed documentation of the impacts of marine plastic debris on animal life; the results of this study are presented in this table.26. But it also shows thatthere isthe know-howto reversethemountingcrisis,provided thepolitical willis there,and urgent actionistaken. Foekema, E. M., De Gruijter, C., Mergia, M. T., van Franeker, J. 39, 2017). After the trash has been dumped into the ocean,it decays and may harm marine life and the underwater environment. This isjust over three timesthe area of Spain, and slightlylarger in area to Alaska (the USAs largest state).14. The Pasig River in the Philippines alone accounts for 6.4% of global river plastics. Plastic pollution is having a negative impact on our oceans and wildlife health High-income countries generate more plastic waste per person But, most of the plastic that ends up in the ocean comes from rivers in low-to-middle income countries. For hundreds on board, the terrifying 1629 wreck of Batavia was just the beginning. Interaction interaction includes collisions, obstructions, abrasions or use as substrate. The first synthetic plastic Bakelite was produced in 1907, marking the beginning of the global plastics industry. 'Worlds worst shipwreck' was bloodier than we thought. Lebreton, L., Egger, M., & Slat, B. By 2030, its estimated that around 110 million tonnes of plastic will be displaced as a result of the ban. Ocean life is flourishing inside Mexicos Revillagigedo National Park, and the commercial fishing industry is flourishing outside of it, a new study shows.
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