Epigenetic Mechanisms Through histone methyltransferases (HMTs), histone methylation increases methylation, thereby reducing gene expression. Additional micro-level interventions can be found in the use of home-visiting programs to improve child outcomes prenatally to 5 years of age where positive parenting and other combined interventions are utilized to improve the health of mother, father, and child (Every Child Succeeds, 2019; Healthy Families New York, 2021). The authors also remarked that further investigation is required for a clearer picture of this link and potential effects. Alonzo T. Folger, PhD, MS, is an assistant professor at the CCMHC, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 439466. The epigenome differs from the genome in that the chemical actions or modifications are on the outside of the genome (i.e., the DNA) or upon the genome. Mental Health Dr. Forrest Sauer is the owner and founder of Twin Oaks Health. . An official website of the United States government. A Qualitative Investigation of Guyanese American Perceptions of Mental Health, Book ReviewCollege Counseling and Student Development: Theory, Practice, and Campus Collaboration, Reflections on Power From Feminist Women Counselor Educators, Evaluating the Impact of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy on Hope and Clinical Symptoms With Latine Clients. 2022 Nov 7;13:857087. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.857087. To counter this histone hypoacetylation, the authors treated the mice with valproic acid, which inhibited the histone hypoacetylation. Epigenetics and the environmental regulation of the genome and its function. The enzymes responsible for histone acetylation are histone acetyltransferases or HATs (Haggarty & Tsai, 2011). Transl Psychiatry. Abstract Many mental health difficulties have developmental origins. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-016-0387-7, Szyf, M., Weaver, I., & Meaney, M. (2007). Historic and ongoing systemic racism may impact the genes of affected people, potentially into future generations. They collaborated to develop, evaluate, and deliver a variety of programs and research activities to improve outcomes for children and adolescents. DNA Methylation. (2011). For example, Fisher et al. Epigenetics, nutrition and mental health: Is there a relationship? Such programming may result in decreased expression of certain genes associated with lesser DNA methylation in infants, depending on which trimester maternal depression was most severe, and increased HPA reactivity (Devlin et al., 2010). Accumulated evidence suggests that schizophrenia arises from the interaction between genetics and the clients environment (Smigielski et al., 2020). Chaix et al. The control group did not have any changes in genome DNA methylation, but the skilled meditators showed 61 differentially methylated sites post-intervention. Wellness is a foundational value for the counseling profession and is a part of the definition of counseling (Kaplan et al., 2014). Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 69(7), 388401. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012201, Every Child Succeeds. BMC Medical Genomics, 7, 112. Request PDF | On Sep 25, 2022, Klaus W. Lange published Epigenetics, physical activity and mental health | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.09.001. (https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Epigenomics-Fact-Sheet). Though many counselors and counselor educators may have taken a biology class that covered genetics sometime during their professional education, we provide pedagogical scaffolding from genetics to epigenetics. Epub 2016 Sep 28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.06.013, Boks, M. P., Houtepen, L. C., Xu, Z., He, Y., Ursini, G., Maihofer, A. X., Rajarajan, P., Yu, Q., Xu, H., Wu, Y., Wang, S., Shi, J. P., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Strengman, E., Rutten, B. P. F., Jaffe, A. E., Kleinman, J. E., Baker, D. G., Hol, E. M., . (2010). (2011). Although intervention at 05 years of age is most preventative, it is not practical in all cases. Global human rights issues such as sex trafficking cross countries, regions, and local communities and necessitate collaboration to ameliorate these practices and the associated trauma. Around 98% of the genome does not code for proteins, leading to a supporting hypothesis that ncRNAs play a significant role in gene expression. (2013), this change may also increase the resiliency of children by reducing their experience of chronic stress, as sustained maternal depression severity often impacts caregiving because of unstable housing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11030516, Bocchio-Chiavetto, L., Maffioletti, E., Bettinsoli, P., Giovannini, C., Bignotti, S., Tardito, D., Corrada, D., Milanesi, L., & Gennarelli, M. (2013). When a fetus or offspring experiences adverse conditions, such as maternal depression, there is an increased likelihood of impaired cognitive, behavioral, and social functioning . (2015) reported, in a sample of rats, that an injected methyl supplementation appeared to attenuate cocaine-seeking behavior when compared to the control group associated with cocaine-induced DNA methylation. Similarly, Cohen et al. Epigenetics, or the study of the physiological mechanisms that silence or activate genes, encompasses processes which alter gene function without changing the sequence of nucleotide base pairs in our DNA. In short, sections of unwanted DNA, called introns, are removed by the process of splicing, and the remaining DNA codes are connected back together (exons). This evidence can potentially support the use of mindfulness with our clients as an intervention for treatment of stress. After 30 years, the researchers found different DNA methylation patterns between abused versus non-abused individuals and that a specific hypermethylation of a gene was linked with the adults who experienced child abuse. The development of this manuscript was supported Current mental health epigenetic research supports that adverse psychosocial experiences are associated with mental health disorders such as schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, and addiction. 6 Department of Legal Medicine and Psychiatry, . For instance, the loci may exhibit increased or decreased methylation. Genetic, epigenetic and posttranscriptional mechanisms for treatment of major depression: The 5-HT1A receptor gene as a paradigm. (2014) examined differences in 45-year-old males blood samples between those who experienced abuse in childhood and those who did not, with the aim of determining whether gene promoter DNA methylation is linked with child abuse. This then decreases the surplus of mRNA in the cell. Epigenetic modifications and developmental origin of health and diseases (DOHaD). Jennifer S. Park, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC, is an assistant professor at Colorado Christian University. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610383494, Cheah, S.-Y., Lawford, B. R., Young, R. M., Morris, C. P., & Voisey, J. Currently there is limited translation of epigenetics to the counseling profession. As counselor educators discuss the history and philosophy of the counseling profession, particularly from a wellness and prevention lens (CACREP, 2015, 2.F.1.a), counselor educators can discuss the connection between epigenetics and wellness. One discovery was that male children had a higher risk of adulthood obesity if their famine exposure occurred early in gestation versus a male fetus who experienced famine in late gestation. (2014) discovered that chronic methamphetamine use in rats induced histone hypoacetylation, making it more difficult for transcription to occur and potentially supporting the addiction process. Currently there is limited translation of epigenetics to the counseling profession. Psychology Today: Health, Help, Happiness + Find a Therapist Bioecological Conceptualization: Proximal and Distal Impact and Interventions One of the strands, called the template, is where the RNA polymerase will read the DNA code A to T, and G to C to build mRNA. F1000Research, 8(May), 114. We will present an overview of genetics and epigenetics, an examination of mental health epigenetics, and implications for the counseling profession. In this paper we discuss the ' Developmental Origins of Health and Disease ' including the role of fetal programming. Opposite epigenetic associations with alcohol use and exercise intervention. This collaboration also calls for engaging at local and international levels. Experiencing trauma might alter your. Additionally, early life adversity increases the likelihood of poor health outcomes such as heart disease, anxiety, and depression. (2004) linked extended use of methamphetamines to changes in DNA methylation patterns, which seemed to increase vulnerability to neurochemical effects. This may lead to the development of new and more effective treatments for brain diseases. [including] psychiatric disorders throughout the adult life (Vaiserman & Koliada, 2017, p. 1). To illustrate, postnatal depression symptom severity has been associated with residential stability (Jones et al., 2018). Conversely, histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that remove acetyl groups (Saavedra et al., 2016). (2007). Sousa R, Ribeiro da Silva D, Petrocchi N, Gilbert P, Rijo D. Front Psychiatry. Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(44), 1704617049. Additionally, histone modification markers may also indicate an increase in depression (Tsankova et al., 2007; Turecki, 2014). First Online: 21 April 2023 Part of the Handbook Series in Occupational Health Sciences book series (HDBSOHS) Abstract Despite an increasing amount of research on work-related stress and burnout, our knowledge on the underlying biological mechanisms remains scarce. A particular interest for the psychotherapy field lies in the potential for psychological interventions to influence epigenetic processes. Reproduction, 140(3), 411423. This stabilizes the cell by preventing any tissue-specific cell differentiation and inhibits the neuron from changing into another cell type (Szyf et al., 2016), such as becoming a lung cell later in development. Epigenetic mechanisms in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: A systematic review of empirical human findings. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL132344). Watch the video icon play Epigenetics and addiction. Moreover, by learning to include epigenetics in case conceptualization, students can gain a more robust understanding of the determinants of symptomology, potential etiology at the cellular level, and epigenetically supported treatments such as CBT and mindfulness. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Now that the mRNA has been created by the process of transcription, the next step is for the mRNA to build a protein necessary for the main functions of the body, in a process known as translation (Brooker, 2017). in part by a Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical (2020) looked at DNA methylation at the genome level for differences between skilled meditators who meditated for an 8-hour interval compared to members of a control group who engaged in leisure activities for 8 hours. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.005, Yehuda, R., Engel, S. M., Brand, S. R., Seckl, J., Marcus, S. M., & Berkowitz, G. S. (2005). Beyond histone modification, another known mechanism is microRNA (miRNA), which is the least understood and most recently investigated epigenetic mechanism when compared to DNA methylation and histone modification (Saavedra et al., 2016). (2014). Transcription occurs when a sequence of DNA is copied using RNA polymerase (ase notes that it is an enzyme) to make mRNA for protein synthesis. Keywords: epigenetics, mental health, counseling, prevention and wellness, counselor education. 8600 Rockville Pike The contributions of maternal sensitivity and maternal depressive symptoms to epigenetic processes and neuroendocrine functioning. Front Psychiatry. Furthermore, in a hallmark study, McGowan et al. A search of literature yielded a large body of publications between 2008 and 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.06.007, Healthy Families New York. Ouellet-Morin et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03321.x, Wright, K. N., Hollis, F., Duclot, F., Dossat, A. M., Strong, C. E., Francis, T. C., Mercer, R., Feng, J., Dietz, D. M., Lobo, M. K., Nestler, E. J., & Kabbaj, M. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858415608147, Numachi, Y., Yoshida, S., Yamashita, M., Fujiyama, K., Naka, M., Matsuoka, H., Sato, M., & Sora, I. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17081279, Shimada-Sugimoto, M., Otowa, T., & Hettema, J. M. (2015). The. Moreover, epigenetic imprinting has been associated with trauma and stress, as found in Holocaust survivors and their children (Yehuda et al., 2016). https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Epigenomics-Fact-Sheet, Nestler, E. J., Pea, C. J., Kundakovic, M., Mitchell, A., & Akbarian, S. (2016). Stress and Anxiety https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053252, McGowan, P. O., Sasaki, A., DAlessio, A. C., Dymov, S., Labont, B., Szyf, M., Turecki, G., & Meaney, M. J. Epigenetics is the study of modifications to gene expression without an alteration to the DNA sequence. When looking at up- or downregulation, Oberlander et al. Factors present in the clients external environment (e.g., stress from caregiver neglect, foods consumed, drug intake like cigarettes) influence the expression of their genes (transcription and translation) and thus cell activity and related behavioral phenotypes. Differential DNA methylation in experienced meditators after an intensive day of mindfulness-based practice: Implications for immune-related pathways. They suggested that DNA methylation may account for missing heritability (p. 510) among individuals with AUDs. The impact of epigenetics on the counseling profession can be understood using Bronfenbrenners (1979) bioecological model. (2018). miRNA is one type of non-coding RNA (ncRNA), or RNA that is changed into proteins. This may include neighborhood factors such as the availability of fresh produce, safe neighborhoods, social safety net programs, and employment opportunities. Nova Biomedical. DNA methylation has also been linked with increased levels of cortisol for newborns of depressed mothers. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163625. We suggest readers review Brooker (2017) for more detailed information on genetics. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1216(1), 99113. Resilence in mental health: Linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives. Though some researchers have indicated a negative association between anxiety and epigenetics, others have found positive effects between epigenetics and anxiety. Further, Zheng and Xiao (2016) estimated that miRNA regulates up to 60% of gene expression. From a treatment perspective, Wright et al. Counselor Education, CACREP, and Epigenetics 2023 Jan 10;13:1032011. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1032011. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 10, 239256. We also know that epigenetic processes are most active in the first 5 years of life (Mulligan, 2016; Syzf et al., 2016). https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-0550, Zhang, H., & Gelernter, J. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5227-14.2015, Yehuda, R., Daskalakis, N. P., Bierer, L. M., Bader, H. N., Klengel, T., Holsboer, F., & Binder, E. B. Not surprisingly, epigenetic changes are also a part of brain diseases such as mental illness and addiction. This points to the potential use of epigenetic engineering for reducing depression progression and symptomology where a counselor could refer a client for epigenetic antidepressant treatments. The clients environment can have both beneficial and deleterious proximal and distal effects. An example of this is to use parentchild interactive therapy (PCIT) pre-clinically, or before the child evidences a disorder (Lieneman et al., 2017). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49, 337348. Historically, people who studied abnormal behavior focused on determining whether the cause of poor mental health outcomes was either nature or nurture (i.e., either genetics or environmental factors). They found an epigenetic connection between poor dietary intake with increased risk of behavioral problems and poor mental health outcomes such as autism. Probing the role of HDACs and mechanisms of chromatin-mediated neuroplasticity. Kenis, G., van Os, J., & Wichers, M. (2013). http://www.cacrep.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/2016-Standards-with-citations.pdf, Devlin, A. M., Brain, U., Austin, J., & Oberlander, T. F. (2010). The site is secure. This process then continues to translate and connect many amino acids together until a polypeptide (a long chain of amino acids) is created. Childhood abuse is associated with methylation of multiple loci in adult DNA. Beyond the chromosomes, chromatin, histones, DNA, and genes, there is another key component in genetics: ribonucleic acid (RNA). ba56bc96bc96f/t/5e73b2a333e8127c09daabf2/1584640684722/Final2019Report.pdf, Fisher, H. L., Murphy, T. M., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Viana, J., Hannon, E., Pidsley, R., Burrage, J., Dempster, E. L., Wong, C. C. Y., Pariante, C. M., & Mill, J. Understanding the mechanisms for how psychosocial experiences are biologically embedded and influence lifelong development is a key challenge for the mental health disciplines. Later, these polypeptides join to form proteins. The individual daily caloric intake estimate varied between 400 and 1800 calories at the climax of the famine. Epigenetics, defined as the study of chemical changes at the cellular level that alter gene expression but do not alter the genetic code (T.-Y. (2015). Center Trustee Award and by a grant from the DNA methylation and miRNA may have mediating effects for mental health concerns such as anxiety (Harris & Seckl, 2011; Romens et al., 2015). The last subsystem is the macrosystem. The continuous interest in epigenetics has resulted in discoveries of a role for epigenetics in diseases ranging from autoimmune diseases to cancer, congenital disease, mental retardation, endocrine diseases, pediatric diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, and many others (Fraga et al. Others have supported this conclusion for cocaine specifically, in that cocaine alters the chromatin structure by increasing histone acetylation, thereby temporarily inducing addictive behaviors (Maze & Nestler, 2011; Tsankova et al., 2007). Most studies of mental illness, genetics, and depression have used stress animal models. Epigenetics Supports Counseling Advocacy and Social Justice Efforts Holocaust exposure induced intergenerational effects on FKBP5 methylation. Epigenetic phenomena include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin remodeling. Remley, T. P., Jr., & Herlihy, B. There are a variety of chemical mechanisms or tags that change the chromatin structure (either opening for expression or closing to inhibit expression). This is most relevant based on the evidence that epigenetic processes change over a clients lifetime because of environmental influences, meaning that the client is not in a fixed state per traditional gene theory (Nestler et al., 2016). Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 12, 121144. We then review epigenetic principles related to fetal programming and the recent application of epigenetics to . This change may lead to lifelong silencing or downregulation with an increased risk of anxiety to the mouse over its life span. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Tracy L. Bale, PhD, a neuroscientist at the University of Maryland, says, "We don't have much evidence that trauma is genetically or epigenetically, more precisely inherited . Currently there is limited translation of epigenetics to the counseling profession. For example, with schizophrenia, a clients adverse environment (e.g., early childhood trauma) influences the epigenome, or gene expression, which may contribute up to 60% of this disorders development (Gejman et al., 2011). Biological Psychiatry, 76(1), 4756. This DNA methylation adaptability evidence is important, conceivably supporting counseling efficacy across the life span. If methylation is indeed reversible beyond 0 to 5 years of age, counseling efforts hold promise to influence mental health outcomes across the life span. Epigenetics and Mental Health: A brief guide to the research Research Practice Focus #2 | March 2021 In this Research Practice Focus video, we explain what epigenetics is and how it is related to trauma, health and well-being. Neurobiol Dis. There is a wealth of research conducted on genetics, yet the understanding of epigenetics is more limited when focusing on mental health (Huang et al., 2017). McGraw-Hill. If the 9-year-old child is experiencing parental neglect and food insecurity, the clinician can treat the clients individual needs at the micro level (i.e., working with the family system to overcome any neglect by using treatments such as PCIT, and direct referral to social workers and other agencies to provide food and shelter to meet basic needs).
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